China’s Destruction of its Satellite in Space On January 11, 2007, at 5:28 pm EST, the P RC conducted its first successful direct-ascent anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons test, launching a ballistic missile armed with a kinetic kill vehicle (not an exploding conventional or nuclear warhead) to destroy the FY-1C was a weather satellite orbiting Earth in polar orbit at an altitude of about 865 km (537 mi), with a mass of about 750 kg (1650 lb). The anti-satellite test will likely “accelerate the space race in Asia with Japan and India both playing catch-up with China,” writes Chietigj Bajpaee for Power and Interest News Report. India Anti-Satellite Missile. [59], In the early 1980s, the Soviet Union had developed two MiG-31D 'Foxhounds' as a launch platform for a potential Vympel Anti-Satellite weapon system. In May 2013, the Chinese government announced the launch of a suborbital rocket carrying a scientific payload to study the upper ionosphere. A similar project carried out under 199A, Lockheed's High Virgo, was initially another ALBM for the B-58 Hustler, likewise based on the Sergeant. Depending on the level of tracking capabilities, the interceptor would have to pre-determine the point of impact while compensating for the satellite's lateral movement and the time for the interceptor to climb and move; U.S. intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) satellites orbit at about 800 km (500 mi) high and move at 7.5 km/s (4.7 mi/s), so a Chinese Intermediate-range ballistic missile would need to compensate for 1350 km (840 mi) of movement in the three minutes it takes to boost to that altitude. [28], The successful flight test of Russia's direct ascent anti-satellite missile, known as PL-19 Nudol, took place on 18 November 2015, according to defence officials familiar with reports of the test. China has tested two direct-ascent antisatellite missiles: the SC–19 and the larger DN–2. [56], The Global Positioning System and communications satellites orbit at higher altitudes of 20000 km (12000 mi) and 36000 km (22000 mi) respectively, putting them out of range of solid-fuelled Intercontinental ballistic missiles. Elements within the Soviet space industry convinced Leonid Brezhnev that the Shuttle was a single-orbit weapon that would be launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, manoeuvre to avoid existing anti-ballistic missile sites, bomb Moscow in a first strike, and then land. It provides exo-atmospheric interception of ballistic missiles. In that novel study, Westwood showed that space-based 'Brilliant Pebbles' component of the national missile defense system, sponsored by Dr. Lowell Wood (Edward Teller's protégé), of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, was a fundamentally flawed concept of operations because (1) it required less than one percent of the total constellation contemplated by the LLNL model to perform effectively and (2) because, like as the PRC anti-satellite event over fifteen years later, every successive, successful, kinetic-kill impact would increase the volume of an orbiting debris cloud, itself ever-more ruinous of the jth "pebble's" reliability. Research in the U.S. and the Soviet Union was proving that the requirements, at least for orbital based energy weapon systems, were, with available technology, close to impossible. Is That True? System was called 30P6 "Kontakt", the missile used is 79M6.[15][16]. Another area of research was directed into energy weapons, including a nuclear-explosion powered X-ray laser proposal developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in 1968. Recent political developments (see below) may have seen the reactivation of the Russian Air-Launched ASAT program, although there is no confirmation of this as yet. As part of this work the IS system was expanded to allow attacks at higher altitudes and was declared operational in this new arrangement on 1 July 1979. Academy Astronautics science and industry group. Liquid-fuelled space launch vehicles could reach those altitudes, but they are more time-consuming to launch and could be attacked on the ground before being able to launch in rapid succession. China has tested two direct-ascent antisatellite missiles: the SC–19 and the larger DN–2. National Reconnaissance Office Director, Donald M. Kerr, told reporters that a US satellite had recently been "painted," or illuminated, by a ground-based laser in China. The missile was launched from a mobile Transporter-Erector-Launcher (TEL) vehicle at Xichang (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}28°14′49″N 102°01′30″E / 28.247°N 102.025°E / 28.247; 102.025 (Xichang Satellite Launch Center)) and the warhead destroyed the satellite in a head-on collision at an extremely high relative velocity. The IS system was "co-orbital", approaching its target over time and then exploding a shrapnel warhead close enough to kill it. Beijing already may have acquired technical assistance which could be applied to the development of laser radars used to track and image satellites and may be seeking an advanced radar system with the capability to track satellites in low earth orbit. The Dalian Universuty of Technology design team was on January 9, 2009 awarded the top PRC Science and Technology Award for the development of the ASAT system. An adapted version of the nuclear armed Nike Zeus was used for an ASAT from 1962. It was reported about a month after launch that the satellite had failed. In addition, China already may possess the capability to damage, under specific conditions, optical sensors on satellites that are very vulnerable to damage by lasers. India has successfully test-fired an anti-satellite missile (ASAT) that has the capacity to destroy any satellite flying in the orbit. China has conducted a flight test of a new anti-satellite missile, the The Washington Free Beacon reports. The first launch of the new anti-satellite missile took place in January 1984. According to Westwood, in 1978, while employed as a senior special research analyst for one of the three-letter national intelligence agencies, he discovered and crystallized into application, a novel, original technique for interpreting and predicting all of the military and space programs of the former Soviet Union with consistent accuracy and reliability. The weather satellite hit by the missile circled the globe at an altitude of roughly 500 miles. After the Soviet Union collapsed, there were proposals to use this aircraft[clarification needed] as a launch platform for lofting commercial and science packages into orbit. US Air Force Space Command said that it was tracking 270 pieces of debris from the test. [55], While it has been suggested that a country intercepting the satellites of another country in a conflict, namely between China and the United States, could seriously hinder the latter's military operations, the ease of shooting down orbiting satellites and their effects on operations has been questioned. The USSR also experimented with Almaz military space stations, arming them with fixed Rikhter R-23 auto-cannons. [40], On 27 March 2019, India successfully conducted an ASAT test called Mission Shakti. purposes. The F-15's guidance system was modified for the mission and provided new directional cuing through the pilot's head-up display, and allowed for mid-course updates via a data link. The 1998 Report to Congress "Future Military Capabilities and Strategy of the People's Republic of China", states "China already may possess the capability to damage, under specific conditions, optical sensors on satellites that are very vulnerable to damage by lasers. The era of the Strategic Defense Initiative (proposed in 1983) focused primarily on the development of systems to defend against nuclear warheads, however, some of the technologies developed may be useful also for anti-satellite use. Several nations possess operational ASAT systems. For communications, the Naval Telecommunications System (NTS) used by the U.S. Navy uses three elements: tactical communications among a battle group; long-haul communications between shore-based forward Naval Communications Stations (NAVCOMSTAs) and deployed afloat units; and strategic communication connecting NAVCOMSTAs with National Command Authorities (NCA). [29], In May 2016, Russia tested the Nudol for the second time. Although specific Chinese programs for laser ASAT have not been identified, press articles indicate an interest in developing this capability and Beijing may be working on appropriate technologies. ], based in part on commercial satellite imagery, found that it may indeed have been a test of a new ASAT system that could potentially threaten U.S. satellites in geostationary Earth orbit. In August 2006 there were reports that China had fired high-power lasers at American intelligence satellites flying over its territory. [25] On 14 February 2008, it was reported that the United States Navy had been instructed to fire an RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 ABM weapon at it, to act as an anti-satellite weapon. On 21 February 2008, the U.S. Navy destroyed the malfunctioning U.S. spy satellite USA-193 using a ship-fired RIM-161 Standard Missile 3. The missiles typically are launched against pre-selected targets, as they must either wait for the target satellite to pass overhead within a certain distance from the launch site, or target a stationary satellite within range of the launch site. Although satellites have been successfully intercepted at low orbiting altitudes, the tracking of military satellites for a length of time could be complicated by defensive measures like inclination changes. The Anti-Satellite Missile test was conducted on India’s own and existing satellite. The article revealed that, "In 2005, we have successfully conducted a satellite-blinding experiment using a 50-100 kilowatt capacity mounted laser gun in Xinjiang province…The target was a low orbit satellite with a tilt distance of 600 kilometers. China continues to develop and refine its ASAT capabilities as one component of a multi-dimensional program to limit or prevent the use of space-based assets by potential adversaries during times of conflict. The missile is guided by an on-board radar. On Jan. 11, 2007, Beijing destroyed an inactive weather satellite with a ballistic missile, successfully demonstrating its ability to operate anti-satellite weapons. ", "U.S. military sensors track debris from Indian anti-satellite test", "U.S. studying India anti-satellite weapons test, warns of space debris", "U.S. sees India space debris from weapons test eventually burning up", "US adopts neutral stand on 'Mssion Shakti', to continue space collaboration with India", "Russia puts onus on US for early outer space rules after India's test", China’s Deceptively Weak Anti-Satellite Capabilities, "Israeli experts: Arrow-3 could be adapted for anti-satellite role", "Is Russia ready for Star Wars? Although no ASAT system has yet been utilised in warfare, few countries (United States, Russia, China, and India) have successfully shot down their own satellites to demonstrate their ASAT capabilities in a show of force. It was launched from the Plesetsk cosmodrome test launch facility, located 805 kilometres (500 mi) north of Moscow. Only one test flight of the anti-satellite mission was carried out, making a mock attack on the Explorer 6 at an altitude of 251 km (156 mi). The missile struck a test satellite at 283 kilometres in the low earth orbit and made ASAT test successful. The constellation of 30 GPS satellites provides redundancy where at least four satellites can be received in six orbital planes at any one time, so an attacker would need to disable at least six satellites to disrupt the network. It was built to solve military … The Clinton Administration cancelled 'Brilliant Pebbles' five years later. The anti-satellite missiles are part of what the Pentagon calls “counterspace” forces, part of China’s large-scale military buildup. The Soviet Union first tested the Polyot interceptor in 1963 and successfully tested an orbital anti-satellite (ASAT) weapon in 1968[10] According to some accounts, Sergei Korolev started some work on the concept in 1956 at his OKB-1, while others attribute the work to Vladimir Chelomei's OKB-52 around 1959. However, given China's current interest in laser technology, it is reasonable to assume that Beijing would develop a weapon that could destroy satellites in the future.". [52][53] The United States Department of State acknowledged Ministry of External Affairs' statement on space debris and reiterated its intention to pursue shared interests in space including on space security with India. The initial stage would consist of the Brilliant Pebbles[18] defense system, a satellite constellation of 4,600 kinetic interceptors (KE ASAT) of 45 kg (100 lb) each in Low Earth orbit and their associated tracking systems. Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Learn how and when to remove this template message, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, "Indian ASAT Debris Threatens All LEO Sats: Update", "Space Command calls out another Russian anti-satellite weapon test", "Russia conducts space-based anti-satellite weapons test", "Chinese missile destroys satellite in 500-mile orbit", "Исторические сведения "Истребитель спутников" – программа", "Сезон космической охоты (крылатые ракеты, противоспуниковая система ИС). Pomala Proliferace Protisatelitnich Zbrani." Delays in the UR-200 missile program prompted Chelomei to request R-7 rockets for prototype testing of the IS. However, the satellite was alive. In January 2007, China tested its first anti-satellite weapon, using a converted ballistic missile to hit a weather satellite at a height of 530miles. 11-03-2017 16:50:35 ZULU, CHINA'S STRATEGIC MODERNIZATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES, Future Military Capabilities and Strategy of the People's Republic of China, http://scitech.people.com.cn/GB/8650298.html. Later in the year Khrushchev cancelled the UR-200 in favour of the R-36, forcing the IS to switch to this launcher, whose space launcher version was developed as the Tsyklon-2. What is certain is that at the beginning of April 1960, Nikita Khrushchev held a meeting at his summer residence in Crimea, discussing an array of defence industry issues. “The test was defensive in nature and not targeted at any particular country,” it said. India . The satellite that was chosen to be destroyed by the Mission Shakti was the one that had outlived its utility and was orbiting in space without any use. The F-15 took off from Edwards Air Force Base, climbed to 11613 m (38100 ft)[8] and vertically launched the missile at the Solwind P78-1, a U.S. gamma ray spectroscopy satellite orbiting at 555 km (345 mi), which was launched in 1979.
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