Ask.com is the #1 question answering service that delivers the best answers from the web and real people - all in one place. La population qui est de 857 069 personnes en 1912 passe à 977 662 en 1914, parmi laquelle on trouve près de 300 000 non‑résidents à côté d’environ 130 000 étrangers. Turks form the vast majority of the nation's population, and Kurds are the largest minority. [251][252] The Eurasian lynx and the European wildcat are other felid species which are currently found in the forests of Turkey. 26 Des accords entre la Turquie et la Ligue arabe ont notamment débouché sur la tenue de manifestations internationales régulières, comme le Forum économique turco-arabe, mis en place en 2005. Turkish Satellite Assembly, Integration and Test Center (UMET) is a spacecraft production and testing facility owned by the Ministry of National Defence and operated by the Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI). [392] Turkish literature was heavily influenced by Persian and Arabic literature during most of the Ottoman era. Hora is performed in East Thrace; Zeybek in the Aegean Region, Southern Marmara and East-Central Anatolia Region; Teke in the Western Mediterranean Region; Kaşık Oyunları and Karşılama in West-Central Anatolia, Western Black Sea Region, Southern Marmara Region and Eastern Mediterranean Region; Horon in the Central and Eastern Black Sea Region; Halay in Eastern Anatolia and the Central Anatolia Region; and Bar and Lezginka in the Northeastern Anatolia Region.[401]. Share on Syrie (République arabe syrienne) - 2019. In 2013 there were 98 airports in Turkey,[284] including 22 international airports. This empire, which would later be branded by historians as the Byzantine Empire, ruled most of the territory of present-day Turkey until the Late Middle Ages;[54] although the eastern regions remained firmly in Sasanian hands up to the first half of the seventh century. [256], Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a continental climate with sharply contrasting seasons.[256]. Despite this however, western music styles like pop music and kanto lost popularity to arabesque in the late 1970s and 1980s. La Constitution irakienne de 2005 reconnait une large autonomie au Kurdistan irakien et un kurde, Jalal Talabani est même élu président de la République[16]. [291] The Bosphorus Bridge (1973), Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (1988) and Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge (2016) are the three suspension bridges connecting the European and Asian shores of the Bosphorus strait. The region is home to Eurasian wildlife such as the Eurasian sparrowhawk, golden eagle, eastern imperial eagle, lesser spotted eagle, Caucasian black grouse, red-fronted serin, and wallcreeper. [350], Christianity has a long history in present-day Turkey, which is the birthplace of numerous Christian apostles and saints. In line with the aforementioned article of the Turkish Constitution and related laws, the court system in Turkey can be classified under three main categories; which are the Judicial Courts, Administrative Courts and Military Courts. La Turquie est donc une puissance économique dynamique devenue incontournable. [clarification needed] For instance, the Turkish Civil Code has been modified by incorporating elements mainly of the Swiss Civil Code and Code of Obligations, and the German Commercial Code. Prior to the symposia, the study of Turkish culinary culture was first popularised by the publication of Süheyl Ünver's Fifty Dishes in Turkish History in 1948. [163][164] Following the Arab Spring in December 2010, the choices made by the AKP government for supporting certain political opposition groups in the affected countries have led to tensions with some Arab states, such as Turkey's neighbour Syria since the start of the Syrian civil war, and Egypt after the ousting of President Mohamed Morsi. It became popular again by the beginning of the 1990s, as a result of an opening economy and society. Following the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453, Ottoman architecture was significantly influenced by Byzantine architecture. After the Tanzimat (Reformation) period in the 19th century, characters in Turkish theatre were modernised and plays were performed on European-style stages, with actors wearing European costumes. [100] In 1983 the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is recognised only by Turkey, was established. [256] The eastern part of that coast averages 2,200 millimetres (87 in) annually which is the highest precipitation in the country. [78][79][80][81] The Turkish government has refused to acknowledge the events as genocide and states that Armenians were only relocated from the eastern war zone. Roderic. The first major empire in the area was founded by the Hittites, from the 18th through the 13th century BC. [365][366][367][368], The Ministry of National Education is responsible for pre-tertiary education. [300] TAEK is the official nuclear energy institution of Turkey. The arrival of Islam and the development of Islamic art also influenced Turkish carpet design. [19] The 1913 coup d'état effectively put the country under the control of the Three Pashas, who were largely responsible for the Empire's entry into World War I in 1914. The first painting lessons were scheduled at what is now the Istanbul Technical University (then the Imperial Military Engineering School) in 1793, mostly for technical purposes. The disciples were first called Christians at Antioch", "The Encyclopædia Britannica: Latest Edition. People within the 15–64 age group constitute 67.4 percent of the total population; the 0–14 age group corresponds to 25.3 percent; while senior citizens aged 65 years or older make up 7.3 percent. In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome. Naissances cette année. Within this unitary framework, Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces (il or vilayet) for administrative purposes. The first Turkish-made film was a documentary entitled Ayastefanos'taki Rus Abidesinin Yıkılışı (Demolition of the Russian Monument at San Stefano), directed by Fuat Uzkınay and completed in 1914. [404] The Ottoman era waterfront houses (yalı) on the Bosphorus also reflect the fusion between classical Ottoman and European architectural styles during the aforementioned period. After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453, Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I. [332], The official language is Turkish, which is the most widely spoken Turkic language in the world. In time, the ancient rituals, myths, legends and stories evolved into theatrical shows. [384] In the late 19th century, human figure in the Western sense was being established in Turkish painting, especially with Osman Hamdi Bey. According to the Address-Based Population Recording System of Turkey, the country's population was 74.7 million people in 2011,[309] nearly three-quarters of whom lived in towns and cities. [402] Mimar Sinan (c.1489–1588) was the most important architect of the classical period in Ottoman architecture. However, agriculture still accounted for a quarter of employment. Each category includes first instance courts and high courts. [381][382] This mix originally began as a result of the encounter of Turks and their culture with those of the peoples who were in their path during their migration from Central Asia to the West. Several ecumenical councils of the early Church were held in cities located in present-day Turkey including the First Council of Nicaea (Iznik) in 325, the First Council of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 381, the Council of Ephesus in 431, and the Council of Chalcedon (Kadıköy) in 451. [325], Religion in Turkey (Optimar survey, 2019)[337][338][339][340], Turkey is a secular state with no official state religion; the Turkish Constitution provides for freedom of religion and conscience. [71], As the empire gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth; especially after the Ottoman economic crisis and default in 1875[72] which led to uprisings in the Balkan provinces that culminated in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878); many Balkan Muslims migrated to the Empire's heartland in Anatolia,[73][74] along with the Circassians fleeing the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. [353] Today, there are more than 120,000-320,000 people of various Christian denominations,[354] representing less than 0.2% of Turkey's population,[355] including an estimated 80,000 Oriental Orthodox, 35,000 Roman Catholics,[356] 18,000 Antiochian Greeks,[357] 5,000 Greek Orthodox and smaller numbers of Protestants. The roots of traditional music in Turkey span across centuries to a time when the Seljuk Turks migrated to Anatolia and Persia in the 11th century and contains elements of both Turkic and pre-Turkic influences. [436] Renowned Turkish freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers who won international competitions include Yaşar Doğu, Celal Atik, Mahmut Atalay, Hamza Yerlikaya, Rıza Kayaalp and Taha Akgül. [394] Turkey has a unitary structure in terms of administration and this aspect is one of the most important factors shaping the Turkish public administration. ARABE (MONDE) - Littérature Écrit par Jamel Eddine BENCHEIKH, Hachem FODA, André MIQUEL, Charles PELLAT, Hammadi SAMMOUD, Élisabeth VAUTHIER • 29 287 mots • 2 médias La littérature arabe a vécu jusqu'au xix e siècle sur ses propres concepts, en définissant ses propres catégories. Each province is divided into districts (ilçe), for a total of 973 districts. The papers submitted at the symposia presented the history of Turkish cuisine on a "historical continuum" that dated back to Turkic origins in Central Asia and continued through the Seljuk and Ottoman periods. In 1950 Turkey became a member of the Council of Europe. Following the restoration of constitutional monarchy with the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, theatrical activities increased and social problems began to be reflected at the theatre as well as in historical plays. The leading architects of this movement were Vedat Tek (1873–1942), Mimar Kemaleddin Bey (1870–1927), Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu (1888–1982) and Giulio Mongeri (1873–1953). Il sous-entend que la nation arabe peut-être sujette à l’unité comme à la division. The Ottomans successfully defended the Dardanelles strait during the Gallipoli campaign (1915–1916) and achieved initial victories against British forces in the first two years of the Mesopotamian campaign, such as the Siege of Kut (1915–1916); but the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) turned the tide against the Ottomans in the Middle East. Le monde arabe englobe les pays ayant comme langue officielle (ou co-officielle) la langue arabe. [35] The European part of Turkey, called Eastern Thrace, has also been inhabited since at least forty thousand years ago, and is known to have been in the Neolithic era by about 6000 BC. [37], The earliest recorded inhabitants of Anatolia were the Hattians and Hurrians, non-Indo-European peoples who inhabited central and eastern Anatolia, respectively, as early as c. 2300 BC. Ils s’intègrent pacifiquement, tout en préservant leur langue et leur culture. - Mots-clefs: démographie, pyramide de population, pyramide des âges, vieillissement, retraites, Turquie, 2019. [41] Starting from 714 BC, Urartu shared the same fate and dissolved in 590 BC,[42] when it was conquered by the Medes. In 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols at the Battle of Köse Dağ, causing the Seljuk Empire's power to slowly disintegrate. This book was based on recipes found in an 18th century Ottoman manuscript. The country's tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy was interrupted by military coups d'état in 1960 and 1980, as well as by military memorandums in 1971 and 1997. The text of this manuscript was rendered in a delicate cut paper découpage calligraphy by Mehmed bin Gazanfer and completed in 1540, and features many marbled and decorative paper borders. The traditional national sport of Turkey has been yağlı güreş (oil wrestling) since Ottoman times. ", "Cyprus: EU 'appeasement' of Turkey in exploration row will go nowhere", "Turkey threatens Greece over disputed Mediterranean territorial claims", "Turkish Armed Forces Defense Organization", "Deniz Kuvvetlerinden TCG Trakya açıklaması", United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Directorate for Movements of Persons, Migration and Consular Affairs – Asylum and Migration Division, "EBCO: European Bureau for Conscientious Objection", "Financial and Economic Data Relating to NATO Defence", "Contribution of Turkish Armed Forces to Peace Support Operations", "Turkey finalizes military training base in Somalia", "Turkey trains Kurdish peshmerga forces in fight against Islamic State", "Seeing shared threats, Turkey sets up military base in Qatar", "Turkey to open its largest military base in Somalia", "Turkey's announced withdrawal from the Istanbul Convention endangers women's rights", "European Court of Human Rights: Turkey Ranks First in Violations in between 1959–2011", "Human rights in Turkey: still a long way to go to meet accession criteria", "Lice'nin Fis köyünde PKK'nın kuruluşunu kutladılar", "Turkish lecturer to be put on trial for posing exam question on PKK leader", "The European Court of Human Rights: Case of Benzer and others v. Turkey", "Police arrest and assistance of a lawyer", "Justice Comes from European Court for a Kurdish Journalist", Turkish parliament moves to strip lawmakers' immunity from prosecution, "Turkey orders 70 army officers detained over Gulen links – CNN Turk", "Turkey arrests German for spreading Kurdish propaganda: Anadolu", Erdogan Renews Putsch Purge With Targets in Media, Academia, From soldiers to midwives, Turkey dismisses 15,000 more after coup bid, Turkish court orders release of journalists during their trial, "Turkey's crackdown propels number of journalists in jail worldwide to record high", "Russia, China and Turkey top yearly list of music freedom violations", "Rights violations, terror ops threaten Turkey's democratic institutions: PACE", "Turkey faces scrutiny over alleged use of chemical weapons on children in Syria", "Turkey accused of war crimes after suspected white phosphorus use against civilian Kurds in Syria", "Chemical weapons watchdog: Turkey did not use white phosphorus in Syria", "Damning evidence of war crimes by Turkish forces and allies in Syria", Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, Status, conservation and management of large carnivores in Turkey, "Diyarbakır'da öldürülen leopar İran Parsı çıktı", "Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) – Turkey | Data", "Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (national estimate) – Turkey | Data", "New World Bank Report Looks at Turkey's Rise to the Threshold of High-Income Status and the Challenges Remaining", "Turkey's evolving trade integration into Pan-European markets", "About Best-Selling Home Appliance Brand Beko UK", "Turkey: Agriculture and Rural Development", "M&A Encumbered Risks Damping Hot Money Bond Party: Turkey Credit", "How to ruin a country's economy: AKP's 15 year long order of plunder and depredation in Turkey", "Turkey's external debt stock reaches $453.2B", "Turkey's current account deficit at $5.4 billion in April", "WIND VS COAL POWER IN TURKEY/SOLAR PV VS COAL IN TURKEY", "Coronavirus poses threat to climate action, says watchdog", "Energy pricing and non-market flows in Turkey's energy sector", "Big nations aid fossil fuels more than clean energies amid pandemic, researchers find", "The external cost of fossil fuel use in power generation, heating and road transport in Turkey • SHURA Enerji Dönüşümü Merkezi", "Turkish Airlines: International Flight Destinations", "Turkish Airlines Now Fly To An Incredible 125 Countries", "Study in Turkey: International Airports in Turkey", "It will be the biggest airport of the world", "Istanbul's New Erdoğan-Backed Airport to Be Named After... Erdoğan", "Velaro Turkey: High-Speed Train for TCDD", "Istanbul's $1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open", "Groundbreaking ceremony for bridge over Dardanelles to take place on March 18", "BAKÜ-T İ FL İ S-CEYHAN BORUHATTI'NDA SON DURUM", "Serbia receives first gas from TurkStream pipeline", "Energy pricing and non-market flows in Turkey's energy sector • SHURA Enerji Dönüşümü Merkezi", "Direct application of geothermal energy: 2005 Worldwide review", "Who We Are? Turkey's constitution governs the legal framework of the country. L’islam est présent dans la région de l'actuelle Turquie depuis la seconde moitié du XI e siècle, lorsque les seldjoukides ont commencé à s'étendre depuis l'Est vers l'Anatolie orientale. H. Davison, Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774-1923 – The Impact of West, Texas 1990, pp. La croissance démographique turque est nettement supérieure à celle des autres pays européens (environ 1,4 % par an). Yüzyış ve XX. [272] In 2020, according to Carbon Tracker, money was being wasted constructing more coal-fired power stations in Turkey. Ils parviennent à établir une zone autonome dans le Nord de l'Irak à la suite de la guerre du Golfe[16]. Parmi elles, on compte les Berbérophones en Afrique du Nord, les Kurdes et les Arméniens au Machrek[12], ainsi que les Doms. In central Anatolia the temperatures can drop below -20 °C ( -4 °F) with the mountains being even colder. [262] Turkish shipyards are highly regarded both for the production of chemical and oil tankers up to 10,000 dwt and also for their mega yachts. The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Population féminine actuelle (50.1%) 482 169. [122] Turkish municipalities have local legislative bodies (belediye meclisi) for decision-making on municipal issues. AA - Ankara - Ayse Betul Gedikoglu . Présentation générale de la Turquie en fonction d'indicateurs tels que des données démographiques (83.429.615,00 habitants, 106,96 hab/km², population urbaine : 75,63%...), la superficie (785.350,00 km²), la langue officielle (Turc. Il est donc impossible de donner des chiffres précis en ce qui concerne ces trois sujets. On 26 June 1945, Turkey became a charter member of the United Nations. The national dog breeds are the Kangal, Malaklı, Akbaş and Anatolian Shepherd. [159], The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia,[161] thus enabling the completion of a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey. [297] Turkey has the fifth-highest direct utilisation and capacity of geothermal power in the world. Cultural and Sociological Situation in Turkey", "Turks – A Journey of a Thousand Years: 600–1600", "Crossing Generations and Borders: A Turkish Pop Diva's Musical Tour", "A list of the buildings designed by Mimar Sinan", "Turkish Architecture in the Republican Period", "XIX. After decades of political negotiations, Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, became an associate member of the Western European Union in 1992, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and has been in formal accession negotiations with the EU since 2005. It consists of the construction of a spaceport, the development of satellite launch vehicles as well as the establishment of remote earth stations. The modern spelling Turkey dates back to at least 1719. In its wake, one of the Turkish principalities governed by Osman I would evolve over the next 200 years into the Ottoman Empire. C'est la religion très majoritaire de la Turquie, où l'on estime que 83 % [2] de la population est musulmane. The percentage of Christians in Turkey fell from 17.5% (three million followers) in a population of 16 million to 2.5% percent in the early 20th century. The Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean was perceived as a threat to the Ottoman monopoly over the ancient trade routes between East Asia and Western Europe. The efforts of Midhat Pasha during the late Tanzimat era led the Ottoman constitutional movement of 1876, which introduced the First Constitutional Era, but these efforts proved to be inadequate in most fields, and failed to stop the dissolution of the empire. [256] However snow is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Impressionism, among the contemporary trends, appeared later on with Halil Pasha. 115-116. Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, the city, which would popularly come to be known as Constantinople, became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. Another famous 18th-century master by the name of Hatip Mehmed Efendi (died 1773) is accredited with developing motifs and perhaps early floral designs, although evidence from India appears to contradict some of these reports. [445], Despite legal provisions, media freedom in Turkey has steadily deteriorated from 2010 onwards, with a precipitous decline following the failed coup attempt on 15 July 2016. Capitale: Ankara. [298], TÜBİTAK is the leading agency for developing science, technology and innovation policies in Turkey. The broadcast media have a very high penetration as satellite dishes and cable systems are widely available. [377] Known as Universal Health Insurance (Genel Sağlık Sigortası), it is funded by a tax surcharge on employers, currently at 5%. [174] However, following the rapprochement with Russia in 2016, Turkey revised its stance regarding the solution of the conflict in Syria. [116] As a reaction to the failed coup d'état, the government carried out mass purges. Mais le triomphe des régimes nationalistes après les indépendances et la construction des nations arabes modernes ont conduit à des conflits internes dans certains pays[13]. Toutefois, les revendications sont accompagnées du refus de l’arabisme et l’islamisme[13]. De nombreuses personnalités allemandes sont issues de cette communauté. Under the AKP government, Turkey's influence has grown in the formerly Ottoman territories of the Middle East and the Balkans, based on the "strategic depth" doctrine (a terminology that was coined by Ahmet Davutoğlu for defining Turkey's increased engagement in regional foreign policy issues), also called Neo-Ottomanism. Depuis 2003, le Tubitak (Conseil de recherche scientifique et technologique de Turquie) distribue des bourses aux étudiants de sciences sociales souhaitant travailler sur le monde arabe. Dans plusieurs pays arabes vivent des minorités ethniques et religieuses.
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