record vitesse tgv 2018

 

The series was commissioned from December 2011 for links to Germany and Switzerland (tri-current trains) and to cope with the increased traffic due to the opening of the LGV Rhine-Rhone. When passing between areas of different supply voltage, marker boards remind the driver to turn off power, lower the pantograph(s), adjust a switch to select the appropriate system, and raise the pantograph(s). In addition to the concerns of the residents, RFB – a ten-year-old national movement – opposes the development of Italy's TAV high-speed rail network as a whole. La rame d'origine qui avait atteint pour la première fois la vitesse de 380 km/h en 1981, rénovée pour l'occasion, le 26 février 2021. It allows for a train engaging in an emergency braking to request within seconds all following trains to reduce their speed; if a driver does not react within 1.5 km (0.93 mi), the system overrides the controls and reduces the train's speed automatically. In addition to its standard services, mail delivery services were also operated by TGVs. The train coasts across the boundary between sections. Cabine de la BB 9004. The first electric prototype, nicknamed Zébulon, was completed in 1974, testing features such as innovative body mounting of motors, pantographs, suspension and braking. The TGV was the world's third commercial and standard gauge high-speed train service,[15] after Japan's Shinkansen, which connected Tokyo and Osaka from 1 October 1964, and Britain's InterCity 125 on main lines such as the East Coast Main Line, which entered service in 1976. The bi-current TGV 2N2 (Avelia Euroduplex) can be regarded as the 3rd generation of Duplex. Les 10 plus incroyables records de vitesse de l'histoire . A quelques mois de sa mise en service, la Ligne à Grande Vitesse (LGV) marocaine vient d'établir un nouveau record de vitesse. The Eurostar service began operation in 1994, connecting continental Europe to London via the Channel Tunnel and the LGV Nord-Europe with a version of the TGV designed for use in the tunnel and the United Kingdom. Le 4 Mai 2018, le train d’essai conduit par un cheminot marocain a atteint la vitesse de 357 km/h entre Tanger et Kenitra, établissant ainsi le record de vitesse sur des lignes ferroviaires au sein du continent africain. [citation needed] This health danger could be avoided by using more expensive techniques for handling radioactive materials. Le record par un véhicule d'essai dérivé d'un train à vocation commerciale est de 574,8 km/h le 3 avril 2007 par le TGV. The prototype travelled almost 1,000,000 km (620,000 mi) during testing. [citation needed] The concerns put forward by the protesters centre on storage of dangerous materials mined during tunnel boring, like asbestos and perhaps uranium, in the open air. The set was reduced to two power cars and three carriages to improve the power-to-weight ratio, weighing 250 tonnes. TGV quitte la gare. La rame TGV PSE n°16 a été radiée le 18 décembre 2018, elle est actuellement préservée sur le site dAlstom à … Environmental Science and Engineering (November 2001), world's fastest conventional scheduled train, "French Train Hits 357 mph Breaking World Speed Record", "World Speed Survey: New lines boost rail's high speed performance", Railway Gazette International 2007 World Speed Survey Tables, "World Speed Survey 2013: China sprints out in front", "French Trains Turn $1.75B Profit, Leave American Rail in the Dust", "Eurostar's first ever train from London to Amsterdam arrives in style", "Alstom commits itself to the French very high speed rail programme", "French high-speed TGV breaks world conventional rail-speed record", "World Speed Survey 2015: China remains the pacesetter", "Eurostar sets new Guinness World Record with cast and filmmakers of Columbia Pictures' The Da Vinci Code", "Bilan de l'année 2008 : Perspectives 2009", http://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr17/pdf/f40_technology.pdf, "French Train Sets New World Speed Record", "[SNCF] Farewell tour for Patrick, the first TGV train", Energy Efficiency of different modes of transportation, accessed March 21, 2009, "The History of the French High Speed Rail Network and TGV", "French Railway Industry: The paths of excellence", "Korea develops high-speed ambitions: a thorough programme of research and development will soon deliver results for Korea's rail industry in the form of the indigenous KTX II high-speed train. All are at least bi-current, which means that they can operate at 25 kV, 50 Hz AC (including LGVs) and at 1.5 kV DC (such as the 1.5 kV lignes classiques south of Paris). En mai dernier, un test du TGV marocain a permis de relier les villes de Kenitra et Tanger en établissent un record de vitesse à 357 km/h, un record … They weigh 385 tonnes with a power output of 6,450 kW under 25 kV. Fifty bi-current sets were ordered in 1990, supplemented by 40 tri-current sets in 1992/1993. Confronted with the fact that train drivers would not be able to see signals along the track-side when trains reach full speed, engineers developed the TVM cab-signalling technology, which would later be exported worldwide. The target speed is 360 kilometres per hour (220 mph). Le train fétiche de la SNCF roule depuis jusqu'à 300 ou 320 km/h, et le record a été battu à … The current world speed record for a commercial train on steel wheels is held by the French TGV at 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph), achieved on 3 April 2007 on the new LGV Est Contents 1 TGV 001 Mise en service au dernier trimestre 2018 ! TGV a l'arrêt dans gare. The front power car was severely damaged, but only one bogie derailed. It used windowless but otherwise standard TGV rolling stock, painted in the yellow and blue livery of La Poste. [1][2], A TGV test train set the world record for the fastest wheeled train, reaching 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph) on 3 April 2007. This record was surpassed on 26 December 2009 by the new Wuhan-Guangzhou High-Speed Railway[18] in China where the fastest scheduled train covered 922 km (573 mi) at an average speed of 312.54 km/h (194.20 mph). [36] Investigations are being carried out with the aim of producing trains at the same cost as TGVs with the same safety standards. En bob à deux, le record appartient aussi à des Allemands, à savoir Andre Lange et Kevin Kuske, flashés à 150,6 km/h. These include one terrorist bombing, which could as well have occurred at high speed as not. Modern Railways 10/2006, p. 67 – 74. Entré en service commercial le 27 septembre 1981 entre Paris et Lyon, le TGV a battu quelques mois plus tôt, le 26 février, le record mondial de vitesse sur rails en roulant à 380 km/h. The name inOui was chosen because it sounds like the French word inouï meaning “extraordinary” (or more literally, “unheard of”). AGVs of the same length as TGVs could have up to 450 seats. La vitesse a été relevée à 270 km/h l'année suivante. It also tested high-speed brakes, needed to dissipate the large amount of kinetic energy of a train at high speed, high-speed aerodynamics, and signalling. Only the driver was slightly injured. Cette vitesse, un record sur le continent africain, a été atteinte le 4 mai 2018 durant la période des essais techniques d’Al Boraq, dont la vitesse commerciale est de 320 km/h. ), Alain Coursier (rédacteur), franchira à son tour la frontière des 200 km/h, Records du monde de vitesse sur rail en France#Programme de 2007 (V 150), International Space Hall of Fame Entry for John Stapp, China train clocks 486 kmph for new record, « RFF, ALSTOM et la SNCF établissent un nouveau record du monde de vitesse sur rail à 574,8 km/h », Pennsylvania Railroad S1 Duplex Steam Locomotive, Así se consiguieron los 403,7 kilómetros por hora, récord español de velocidad ferroviaria, Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway sparkles in first month, Records du monde de vitesse sur rail en France, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Record_de_vitesse_sur_rail&oldid=180366462, Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais, Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, Portail:Grande vitesse ferroviaire/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence, De nombreux témoignages désignaient la locomotive expérimentale de classe S1 du, La série T1 du Pennsylvania Railroad est également présumée avoir fréquemment dépassé sa vitesse limite de. C’est avec admiration que nous avons honoré la demande de la branche Réseau de la SNCF. They are formed of two power cars (8,800 kW under 25 kV – as TGV Atlantique) and eight carriages, giving a capacity of 377 seats. Passages TGV en pleine vitesse. The commercial success of the first high-speed line led to a rapid development of services to the south (LGV Rhône-Alpes, LGV Méditerranée, LGV Nîmes–Montpellier), west (LGV Atlantique, LGV Bretagne-Pays de la Loire, LGV Sud Europe Atlantique), north (LGV Nord, LGV Interconnexion Est) and east (LGV Rhin-Rhône, LGV Est). They can be coupled to a Duplex set. A modified TGV test train holds the world speed record for conventional trains. Déjà 40 ans que la rame 16 du TGV a battu le record du monde de vitesse sur rail en Bourgogne, sur la première ligne à grande vitesse. The TGV network in France carries about 110 million passengers a year. Gens montent dans TGV s'installent dans wagon. It narrowly missed beating the world train speed record of 581 km/h (361 mph). Records absolus (homologués et/ou officiels), Trains sur coussins d'air et trains à sustentation magnétique, Écartements ferroviaires inférieurs à l'écartement standard (1 435 mm), Écartements ferroviaires inférieurs à l'écartement standard (1 435, Sylvie Moncieu (dir. A visitor attraction in itself, it stops at Disneyland Paris and in tourist cities such as Avignon and Aix-en-Provence as well. [gros plan] du compteur du TGV marquant 380 KM /h [vue générale] du TGV passant et des rails-un homme suit a la jumelle la performance-le TGV passe une bosse-les rails vus de la cabine de pilotage- [gros plan] du conducteur-les freins se déclenchent-interview de J. DUPUY (directeur général SNCF)=il fait la pub. As well as using standard French voltages, the tri-current sets can operate under the Netherlands' 1.5 kV and Italian and Belgian 3 kV DC supplies. They have a top speed of 320 km/h. Les gains de temps sont comparables. The first Réseau (Network) sets entered service in 1993. La pré-exploitation démarre le 19 juin 2018, avec un record de vitesse à 357 km/h atteint le 4 mai et annoncé le 27 juillet [18], [19]. [21], The fastest single long-distance run on the TGV was done by a TGV Réseau train from Calais-Frethun to Marseille (1067.2 km, 663 mi) in 3 hours 29 minutes at a speed of 306 km/h (190 mph) for the inauguration of the LGV Méditerranée on 26 May 2001.[22]. Each set were made up of two power cars and eight carriages (capacity 345 seats), including a powered bogie in the carriages adjacent to the power cars. [7], The TGV was conceived at the same period as other technological projects sponsored by the Government of France, including the Ariane 1 rocket and Concorde supersonic airliner; those funding programmes were known as champion national policies (literal translation: national champion). En 2007, un TGV atteint 574,8 km/h ! Le nouveau tracé est inauguré le 1er juillet. It reached 318 km/h (198 mph), which remains the world speed record for a non-electric train. Excluding international traffic, the TGV system carried 98 million passengers during 2008, an increase of 8 million (9.1%) on the previous year. While most Italian political parties agree on the construction of this line, some inhabitants of the towns where construction would take place oppose it vehemently. They were built with a maximum speed of 300 km/h (190 mph) and 8,800 kW of power under 25 kV. SNCF worked on a high-speed rail network from 1966 to 1974 and presented the project to President Georges Pompidou who approved it. Encore quelques mois de test et le TGV marocain va devenir réalité et il sera possible pour les voyageurs de l’emprunter dès le second semestre 2018. TGVs travel at up to 320 km/h (200 mph) in commercial use. Le record de vitesse … John Stapp a atteint la vitesse de 1 017 km/h à bord d'une de ces plates-formes le 10 décembre 1954. [50], Since July 2017, TGV services are gradually being rebranded as TGV inOui and Ouigo in preparation for the opening of the French HSR market to competition. On ne présente plus la SNCF, vielle de plus de 80 années maintenant, elle est une réelle institution des chemins de fer français. This page was last edited on 18 April 2021, at 05:06. Trains can be lengthened by coupling two TGVs, using couplers hidden in the noses of the power cars. The high-speed tracks, maintained by SNCF Réseau, are subject to heavy regulation. ERTMS makes them compatible to allow access to Spain similar to Dasye. Changing the TGV to electric traction required a significant design overhaul. TGV technology has been adopted in a number of other countries:[30], SNCF and Alstom are investigating new technology that could be used for high-speed transport. Soulié, Claude and Tricoire, Jean (2002). Cet article propose une chronologie des records de vitesse sur rail, sachant que le terme « sur rail » ne sous-entend pas nécessairement « pour un train ». The first phase of the British High Speed 1 line was completed in 2003, the second phase in November 2007. Using Power Cars instead of Electric Multiple Units easily allows for a high ride quality and less electrical equipment.[25]. In 1976 the SNCF ordered 87 high-speed trains from Alstom. The Duplex was built to increase TGV capacity without increasing train length or the number of trains. Le TGV roulait alors à 260 km/h, et l'un des objectifs du record était de rassurer le public sur la fiabilité de l'engin. En ce qui concerne les Shinkansen, les plus rapides sont le JR 500 et le JR 700. Ten tri-current sets carry the Thalys livery and are known as Thalys PBA (Paris-Brussels-Amsterdam) sets. Grâce aux 180 kilomètres Tanger-Kenitra parcourus à des vitesses allant jusqu'à 320 kilomètres-heure, le temps de parcours entre Tanger et … It narrowly missed beating the world train speed record of 581 km/h (361 mph). The prototype AGV was unveiled by Alstom on 5 February 2008. [54], Ouigo is SNCF's low-cost high-speed rail service. Des plates-formes sur rail propulsées par moteur-fusée sont utilisées par l'armée, pour tester par exemple des composants de missiles ou les effets de l'accélération. [4] In 2007, the world's fastest scheduled rail journey was a start-to-stop average speed of 279.4 km/h (173.6 mph) between the Gare de Champagne-Ardenne and Gare de Lorraine on the LGV Est,[5][6] not surpassed until the 2013 reported average of 283.7 km/h (176.3 mph) express service on the Shijiazhuang to Zhengzhou segment of China's Shijiazhuang–Wuhan high-speed railway. [8][9], The idea of the TGV was first proposed in the 1960s, after Japan had begun construction of the Shinkansen (also known as the "bullet train") in 1959. [27], The 105-strong bi-current Atlantique fleet was built between 1988 and 1992 for the opening of the LGV Atlantique and entry into service began in 1989. By the mid-1990s, the trains were so popular that SNCF President Louis Gallois declared that the TGV was "the train that saved French railways".[10]. Des plates-formes sur rail propulsées par moteur-fusée sont utilisées par l'armée, pour tester par exemple des composants de missiles ou les effets de l'accélération. Modifications such as improved aerodynamics, larger wheels and improved braking were made to enable speeds of over 500 km/h (310 mph). The leading power car and the first two carriages were severely damaged, and were rebuilt. Plaques du constructeur et du record de vitesse de la BB 9004. Les trains S-103 et CRH 3, tous deux de type Velaro, sont avec 350 km/h les trains avec la vitesse d'exploitation la plus élevée[16]. There have been several accidents, including three derailments at or above 270 km/h (170 mph), but in only one of these—a test run on a new line—did carriages overturn. They weigh 444 tonnes, and are made up of two power cars and ten carriages with a capacity of 485 seats. In 1976, the administration agreed to fund the first line. This is credited in part to the stiffness that the articulated design lends to the train. Following the number of accidents at level crossings, an effort has been made to remove all level crossings on lignes classiques used by TGVs. The first prototype, TGV 001, was the only gas-turbine TGV: following the increase in the price of oil during the 1973 energy crisis, gas turbines were deemed uneconomic and the project turned to electricity from overhead lines, generated by new nuclear power stations. TGV POS (Paris-Ostfrankreich-Süddeutschland or Paris-Eastern France-Southern Germany) are used on the LGV Est. However, the service ceased in June 2015. The train was directed onto an unoccupied track and collided with the car loading ramp at Paris-Vaugirard station at 60 km/h (37 mph). Once the train detects the correct supply, a dashboard indicator illuminates and the driver can switch on the traction motors. Unlike TGV-A, TGV-R and TGV-D, they have asynchronous motors, and isolation of an individual motor is possible in case of failure. The train beat the 1990 world speed record of 515.3 km/h (320.2 mph), set by a similarly shortened train (two power cars and three passenger cars), along with unofficial records set during weeks preceding the official record run. [16][17], In 2007 the TGV was the world's fastest conventional scheduled train: one journey's average start-to-stop speed from Champagne-Ardenne Station to Lorraine Station is 279.3 km/h (173.5 mph). Le record de vitesse sans pilote est de 10 430 km/h, date du 30 avril 2003 et a été obtenu à l'Holloman Air Force Base[1]. For many years, a service termed SNCF TGV La Poste transported mail for the French mail service, La Poste. In almost three decades of high-speed operation, the TGV has not recorded a single passenger fatality due to accidents while running at high speed on normal passenger service. Elle arbore des plaques commémoratives du record de vitesse sur les flancs des motrices. Le TGV roulait alors à 260 km/h, et l'un des objectifs du record était de rassurer le public sur la fiabilité de l'engin. [19] The revival of 350 km/h operation in 2017 on the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway allows for several services to complete the 1,318 km (819 mi) journey between Shanghai and Beijing in 4 hours and 24 min with an average speed of 299.5 km/h (186.1 mph). Le train LGV a une nouvelle fois battu un record de vitesse lors d'un essai technique depuis Tanger vers Kénitra en atteignant les 357km/h. [51][52][53], TGV inOui is SNCF's premium high-speed rail service. La vitesse a été relevée à 270 km/h l'année suivante. They weigh 380 tonnes and are 200 m (660 ft) long, made up of two power cars and eight carriages. La rame TGV Sud-Est 16 et la rame TGV Atlantique 325 ont désormais droit à une retraite bien méritée. [20], A Eurostar (TGV) train broke the record for the longest non-stop high-speed international journey on 17 May 2006 carrying the cast and filmmakers of The Da Vinci Code from London to Cannes for the Cannes Film Festival. Extensive use of aluminium means that they weigh not much more than the TGV Réseau sets they supplement. du 2 AVRIL 2017 au 7 JANVIER 2018 Revivez la performance du record du monde de vitesse sur rail. The design that emerged from the process was named Avelia Horizon, and in July 2018 SNCF ordered 100 trainsets with deliveries expected to begin in 2023. The first twice-daily London-Amsterdam service ran April 3, 2018, and took 3 hours 47 minutes.[14]. The bi-current sets weigh 383 tonnes: owing to axle-load restrictions in Belgium the tri-current sets have a series of modifications, such as the replacement of steel with aluminium and hollow axles, to reduce the weight to under 17 t per axle. À quoi servent les records ? Le train LGV a battu, hier, un nouveau record de vitesse lors d'un essai technique depuis Tanger vers Kénitra en atteignant une vitesse maximale de 352 km/h. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. On 28 November 2003 the TGV network carried its one billionth passenger, a distant second only to the Shinkansen's five billionth passenger in 2000. The TGV (French: TurboTrain à Grande Vitesse and then Train à Grande Vitesse, "high-speed train") is France's intercity high-speed rail service, operated by SNCF. [3] Conventional TGV services operate up to 320 km/h (200 mph) on the LGV Est, LGV Rhin-Rhône and LGV Méditerranée. There have been fatal accidents involving TGVs on lignes classiques, where the trains are exposed to the same dangers as normal trains, such as level crossings. They are numbered from 800, and are limited to 320 km/h (200 mph). The line was given the designation LN1, Ligne Nouvelle 1 ("New Line 1"). They are 200 m (660 ft) long and 2.81 m (9.2 ft) wide. Following the inaugural service between Paris and Lyon in 1981 on the LGV Sud-Est (LGV for Ligne à Grande Vitesse; "high-speed line"), the network, centered on Paris, has expanded to connect major cities across France (including Marseille, Lille, Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Rennes and Montpellier) and in neighbouring countries on a combination of high-speed and conventional lines. Protesters blocked a railway viaduct to protest against the planned route, arguing that it was unnecessary, and that trains could keep using existing lines to reach Marseille from Lyon. 19 December 2007: a TGV from Paris to Geneva collided at about 100 km/h (62 mph) with a truck on a level crossing near, Cinotti, Eric and Tréboul, Jean-Baptiste (2000). TGVs have two pairs of pantographs, two for AC use and two for DC. Body mounting of motors allowed over 3 tonnes to be eliminated from the power cars and greatly reduced the unsprung weight. Record vitesse bobsleigh. A disadvantage is that it is difficult to split sets of carriages. Although the train moves at high speed, it accelerates and decelerates smoothly, allowing for medical procedures to be performed during transport. Le TGV roulait alors à 260 km/h, et l'un des objectifs du record était de rassurer le public sur la fiabilité de l'engin. They are 200 m (660 ft) long and are 2.90 m (9.5 ft) wide. Comment établit-on un record? La vitesse a été relevée à 270 km/h l'année suivante. Le 3 septembre 2010 le train CRH Chinois CRH380A (nom d'exploitation) atteint la vitesse de 486 km/h[3]. The TVM safety mechanism enables TGVs using the same line to depart every three minutes. Ce record de vitesse sur rail en véhicule piloté n'a toujours pas été dépassé en 2011[2]. The articulated design is advantageous during a derailment, as the passenger carriages are more likely to stay upright and in line with the track. Le pare-brise est équipé d'une grille de protection contre les oiseaux, qui représentent un risque à plus de 200 km/h. Trains have a high-density one-class configuration and reduced on-board services. The ligne classique from Tours to Bordeaux at the end of the LGV Atlantique has no level crossings as a result. After two pre-production trainsets (nicknamed Patrick and Sophie) had been tested and substantially modified, the first production version was delivered on 25 April 1980. Further deliveries started in 2000 with the Duplex fleet now totalling 160 units, making it the backbone of the SNCF TGV-fleet. Déjà, le futur record de vitesse mobilise toutes les énergies. [37], Italian operator NTV is the first customer for the AGV, and became the first open-access high-speed rail operator in Europe, starting operation in 2011. [35], The design process of the next generation of TGVs began in 2016 when SNCF and Alstom signed an agreement to jointly develop the trainsets, with goals of reducing purchase and operating costs, as well as improved interior design.[38]. Several TGV types have broken records, including the V150 and TGV 001. [49], Every coach allows for up to 6 patients, allowing for the transport of several dozen patients, attended by a staff of 50 medical workers. Regardez, les images sont impressionnantes. Once uncoupled, one of the carriage ends is left without a bogie at the split, so a bogie frame is required to support it. There were 107 passenger sets, of which nine are tri-current (including 15 kV, 16⅔ Hz AC for use in Switzerland) and the rest bi-current. 2 - Luge (154 km/h) Plus rapides que les engins utilisés pour le skeleton, les.. [5][6] Redorer son blason. Its interior and exterior were styled by French designer Jacques Cooper, whose work formed the basis of early TGV designs, including the distinctive nose shape of the first power cars. Le 4 Mai 2018, le train d’essai conduit par un cheminot marocain a atteint la vitesse de 357 km/h entre Tanger et Kenitra, établissant ainsi le record de vitesse sur des lignes ferroviaires au sein du continent africain. Normal trains could split at couplings and jackknife, as seen in the Eschede train disaster. The efficiency of the Atlantique with all seats filled has been calculated at 767 PMPG, though with a typical occupancy of 60% it is about 460 PMPG (a Toyota Prius with three passengers is 144 PMPG).[28]. The TGV opened to the public between Paris and Lyon on 27 September 1981. Several future lines are planned, including extensions within France and to surrounding countries. Nous y sommes presque. Duplex TGVs are now operating on all of the French high speed lines.[29]. In 2007, SNCF generated profits of €1.1 billion (approximately US$1.75 billion, £875 million) driven largely by higher margins on the TGV network. [citation needed], The TGV system itself extends to neighbouring countries, either directly (Italy, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany) or through TGV-derivative networks linking France to Switzerland (Lyria), to Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands (Thalys), as well as to the United Kingdom (Eurostar). In 1976 the French administration funded the TGV project, and construction of the LGV Sud-Est, the first high-speed line (French: ligne à grande vitesse), began shortly afterwards. Une rame aménagée a franchi en 2007 la vitesse de 574,8 km/h sur la nouvelle LGV Est Européenne. In December 2019, the trains were phased out from service. There are 512 seats per set. On 3 April 2007 a modified TGV POS train reached 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph) under test conditions on the LGV Est between Paris and Strasbourg. [39] They are expected to cost €25 million per 8-car set. However, on 1 July 2011 in order to save energy and reduce operating costs the maximum speed of Chinese high-speed trains was reduced to 300 km/h, but services between Shijiazhuang and Zhengzhou East on the line still achieve 283.4 km/h (176.1 mph) in each direction in 2015. [citation needed] A six-month delay in the start of construction has been decided in order to study solutions. La mise en service est repoussée à l'été 2018, lors de publications de 2015-2016 [ 20 ] , [ 21 ] , [ 22 ] , puis à fin 2018.