[183] As a result of these manoeuvres, the revolt was put down. With the new law, education became inclusive, organized on a model of the civil community. Sen noum touot entyi est Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Pacha. To attract public attention to past cultures, he personally named the banks "Sümerbank" (1932) after the Sumerians and "Etibank" (1935) after the Hittites. [131] Literacy reform was also supported by strengthening the private publishing sector with a new law on copyrights. Operational American Curtiss Hawk fighters were being produced in Turkey soon after his death and before the onset of World War II. The Conference of Lausanne began on 21 November 1922. Etterhvert kom han til å oppgi 19. mai 1881 som sin offisielle fødselsdag. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, en Ankara con el rey de Afganistán, Amanulá Kan (1928). [238], The triangle of Atatürk, Fikriye, and Latife became the subject of a manuscript by Atatürk's close friend, Salih Bozok, though the work remained unpublished until 2005. [193] Atatürk explained his position regarding the realization of his plan for a Balkan Federation economically uniting Turkey, Greece, Romania, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. In one of his many speeches about the importance of democracy, Atatürk said in 1933: Republic means the democratic administration of the state. Ing wekdal gesangipun, kita boten saged ngantu-antu langkung kathah malih."[1]. Den nøyaktige fødselsdatoen til Mustafa Kemal Atatürk er ikke kjent, men han oppga selv å være født på våren 1881. The relationship between the rebels and Britain was investigated. [107] He was interested in adult education with the goal of forming a skill base in the country. He and his staff discussed issues such as abolishing the veiling of women and integrating women into the outside world. Panjenenganipun nyuwun supados priyantun Turki ngagem rasukan tiyang Éropah. Because Atatürk considered the development of a national rail network as another important step in industrialisation, railways were given high priority. Following the Battle of Gallipoli, Atatürk served in Edirne until 14 January 1916. At the time, the republic used the Ottoman Turkish language written in the Arabic script with Arabic and Persian loan vocabulary. On 8 November, the motion was rejected by 148 votes to 18, and 41 votes were absent. Though it contained no specific military commitments, the pact was regarded as a significant step forward in consolidating the free world's position in southeast Europe. [94] Under Atatürk, the arrest process known as the Arrests of 1927 (1927 Tevkifatı) was launched, and a widespread arrest policy was put in place against the Communist Party of Turkey members. Those who covet this border will encounter the burning beams of the sun. . On 11 August 1930, Atatürk decided to try a multiparty movement once again and asked Fethi Okyar to establish a new party. He capitalized on his reputation as an efficient military leader and spent the following years, up until his death in 1938, instituting political, economic, and social reforms. [266] When he died, the All-India Muslim League eulogised him as a "truly great personality in the Islamic world, a great general, and a great statesman", declaring that his memory would "inspire Muslims all over the world with courage, perseverance, and manliness". Highlighting the public's lack of knowledge regarding Atatürk's intentions, the public cheered: "We are returning to the days of the first caliphs." [148] In 1932, Atatürk justified the translation of the Qur'an by stating how he wanted to "teach religion in Turkish to Turkish people who had been practising Islam without understanding it for centuries." Iran's Shi'a clergy did not accept Atatürk's stance, and Iranian religious power centres perceived the real motive behind Atatürk's reforms was to undermine the power of the clergy. Fikriye grew passionately attached to Atatürk; the full extent of his feelings for her is unclear but it is certain that they became very close after Fikriye divorced her Egyptian husband and returned to Istanbul. As a result, he was sent away to Tripolitania Vilayet (present Libya, then an Ottoman territory) under the pretext of suppressing a tribal rebellion towards the end of 1908. [72] (see Sivas Congress), The last election to the Ottoman parliament held in December 1919 gave a sweeping majority to candidates of the "Association for Defence of Rights for Anatolia and Roumelia" (Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti), headed by Atatürk, who himself remained in Angora, now known as Ankara. The equal rights of women in marriage had already been established in the earlier Turkish civil code. He persuaded the GNA to gather a National Army. [169][13][172][173][174], The 1934 Resettlement Law was a policy adopted by the Turkish government which set forth the basic principles of immigration. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Portrait de Mustafa Kemal vers les années 1930. Kemal Atatürk (bis 1934: Mustafa Kemal Pascha, osmanisch مصطفى كمال پاشا Muṣṭafâ Kemâl Paşa; ab 1935 Kamâl Atatürk; * 1881 in Selânik, Osmanisches Reich; † 10. Atatürk promoted modern teaching methods at the primary education level, and Dewey proved integral to the effort. In 1931, the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey was established. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk feut eun'général et eun'houme politique turcot, naé à Salonici (1 e), le 29 dé mouai 1881 - mort à Istanbul, le 10 de novembe 1938. [255][256][257] During 1937, indications that Atatürk's health was worsening started to appear. Ing pérangan sepindhahan saking Perang Balkan Mustafa Kemal kadhampar ing Libya lan boten saged tumut, nanging ing wulan Juli 1913 panjenenganipun kondur dhateng Istanbul lan dipunangkat dados komandhan pertahanan Ottoman ing wewengkon Çanakkale ing pasisir Trakya (Thrace). È uno dei 201 epiteti di Maometto, e vuol dire "il prescelto". [235] However, the gap between Atatürk's goals and the achievements of the socio-political structure of the country had not yet been closed.[235]. Uluslararasi Atatürk Konferansý Tebligleri, 10–11 November 1980, Vol. Greece renounced all its claims over Turkish territory, and the two sides concluded an agreement on 30 April 1930. Of these, the most famous is Sabiha Gökçen, Turkey's first female pilot and the world's first female fighter pilot. On 5 August 1921, Atatürk was promoted to commander in chief of the forces by the GNA. [198] Even after Venizolos' fall from power, Greco-Turkish relations remained cordial. On 20 July 1936, the Montreux Convention was signed by Bulgaria, Great Britain, Australia, France, Japan, Romania, the Soviet Union, Turkey, Yugoslavia and Greece. He said: In the face of knowledge, science, and of the whole extent of radiant civilization, I cannot accept the presence in Turkey's civilized community of people primitive enough to seek material and spiritual benefits in the guidance of sheiks. On 23 April 1920, the GNA opened with Atatürk as the speaker; this act effectively created the situation of diarchy in the country. Instagram; @mustafa__kemal___ataturk Thus, his objective was to make the Qur'an accessible to a broader demographic by translating it into modern languages. He personally oversaw the development of the Sun Language Theory (Güneş Dil Teorisi), which was a linguistic theory which proposed that all human languages were descendants of one Central Asian primal language. Fichier d’origine ... English: Signature of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the first President of Turkey; designed by calligrapher Hagop Vahram Çerçiyan. In 1923, there were three main educational groups of institutions. III, 70. The leaders of dervish orders will understand the truth of my words, and will themselves close down their lodges [tekke] and admit that their disciplines have grown up. This campaign aimed to put pressure on non-Turkish speakers to speak Turkish in public. The Lausanne Straits Agreement stated that the waterway was to be demilitarised and its management left to the Straits Commission. He instigated study of Anatolian civilizations - Phrygians, Lydians, Sumerians, and Hittites. [73] – the "Grand National Assembly" (GNA). Turkish Prime-Minister İsmet İnönü was very conscious of foreign policy issues. Bapanipun, Ali Rıza Efendi, satunggiling punggawa béya cuké, tilar dony analika Mustafa saweg yuswa pitung taun. Ing front pulitik, Mustafa Kemal Pasha napakasmani Prajanjian Kars (23 Oktober 1921) kaliyanUni Sovyèt-satunggiling prajanjian persahabatan ingkang isinipun Turki masrahaken kitha Batumi, ingkang sapunika wonten ing Georgia-dhumateng kaum Bolshevik Lenin minangka gentos kadhaulatan dhumateng kitha-kitha Kars lan Ardahan, ingkang dipunrebut déning Ruslan Tsaris salebeting Perang Ruslan-Turki, 1877-1878. [46] He joined the Committee of Union and Progress, with membership number 322, although in later years he became known for his opposition to, and frequent criticism of, the policies pursued by the CUP leadership. Saka Wikipédia Jawa, bauwarna mardika basa Jawa, Kagesangan sasampunipun perang lan pambaruan, https://jv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atatürk&oldid=1534728, Lisènsi Atribusi-DumSaèmper Creative Commons. Né en 1881, Mustafa Kemal Pacha, qui deviendra en 1934 "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", est un homme politique qui fut le premier président de la république Turque. Atatürk saw the consequences of fascist and communist doctrines in the 1920s and 1930s and rejected both. The state schools established a common curriculum which became known as the "unification of education.". But it was Atatürk's adopted daughters, Sabiha Gökçen and Afet İnan, who provided the real role model for the Turkish women of the future. [219] By 1937, the Turkish road network reached 22,000 km in length. Mustafa Kemal Pacha, à partir de 1934 Atatürk, , né en 1881 à Salonique et mort à Istanbul le 10 novembre 1938, est un homme d'État turc, fondateur et premier président de la … The reason experiments with pluralism failed during this period was that not all groups in the country had agreed to a minimal consensus regarding shared values (mainly secularism) and shared rules for conflict resolution. . Sen noum touot entyi est Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Pacha. A more lasting multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey began in 1945. Turkish women were taught not only child care, dress-making, and household management but also skills necessary for joining the economy outside the home. [102] A "Caliphate Conference" was held in Cairo in May 1926 and a resolution was passed declaring the caliphate "a necessity in Islam", but failed to implement this decision. The first part was the education of girls, a feat established with the unification of education. Otac Ali Riza-efendija bio je oficir, carinski službenik i trgovac drva. The Issue of Mosul, a dispute with the United Kingdom over control of Mosul Province, was one of the first foreign affairs-related controversies of the new Republic. His first goal was the establishment of an organized national movement against the occupying forces. On 14 March 1899,[42] . His ideas could be traced to the work by the French scientist Hilaire de Barenton titled L'Origine des Langues, des Religions et des Peuples, which postulates that all languages originated from hieroglyphs and cuneiform used by Sumerians,[142] and the paper by Austrian linguist Dr. Hermann F. Kvergić of Vienna titled "La psychologie de quelques éléments des langues Turques" ("the psychology of some elements of the Turkic Languages"). However, without the establishment of a real political spectrum, the party became the center to opposition of Atatürk's reforms, particularly in regard to the role of religion in public life. His father was … "[221] However, the effect of free republicans was felt strongly and state intervention became more moderate and more akin to a form of state capitalism. Political Islam in Turkey: Running West, Heading East? The one-party regime was established de facto in 1925 after the adoption of the 1924 constitution. [175] The law, however, is regarded by some as a policy of assimilation of non-Turkish minorities through a forced and collective resettlement.[176]. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk proclamait la République turque il y a 95 ans. [48], In 1910, he was called to the Ottoman provinces in Albania. [186] In 1920 alone, the Lenin government supplied the Kemalists with 6,000 rifles, over 5 million rifle cartridges, 17,600 projectiles as well as 200.6 kg of gold bullion. . [147] However, it was only in 1935 that the version of Yazır's work read in public found its way to print. On 8 July 1937, Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan signed the Saadabad Pact at Tehran. Le premier ministre turc, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, devant le portrait de [45] He joined a small secret revolutionary society of reformist officers led by a merchant Mustafa Elvan (Cantekin) called Vatan ve Hürriyet ("Motherland and Liberty"). [citation needed][dubious – discuss], Atatürk's funeral called forth both sorrow and pride in Turkey, and 17 countries sent special representatives, while nine contributed armed detachments to the cortège. [197] Venizelos even forwarded Atatürk's name for the 1934 Nobel Peace Prize. ), 1934. november 24-éig Gazi Mustafa Kemal Paşa (a gazi szó jelentése: hős) török katona és államférfi, a török függetlenségi háború hőse (ezért kapta a Gazi nevet), a Török Köztársaság megalapítója és első elnöke. [201] Mahmud Tarzi received Atatürk's personal support until he died on 22 November 1933 in Istanbul. On 22 June 1908, he was appointed the Inspector of the Ottoman Railways in Eastern Rumelia (Doğu Rumeli Bölgesi Demiryolları Müfettişi). Having lost the war, the Ottoman government had to surrender Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica (three provinces forming present-day Libya) to the Kingdom of Italy in the Treaty of Lausanne (1912) signed ten days later, on 18 October 1912 (since 1923, historians have preferred to name this treaty as the "Treaty of Ouchy", after the Château d'Ouchy in Lausanne where it was signed, to distinguish it from the later Treaty of Lausanne (1923) signed between the Allies of World War I and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in Ankara (at that time known as Angora). In 1929, Atatürk signed a treaty that resulted in the restructuring of Turkey's debt with the Ottoman Public Debt Administration. As the leader of the national movement of 1919–1923, Atatürk was described by the Allies and Istanbul journalist Ali Kemal (who believed the liberation efforts would fail and cause a more severe punishment by the Allies) as a "bandit chief". His government carried out a policy of Turkification, trying to create a homogeneous and unified nation. For this purpose decided to call his war headquarters Qemali Mustafa who was known as one of the generals prepared and laid him drafting the plan of operations. [14][158][12][11][159][160][161] However, the campaign went beyond the measures of a mere policy of speaking Turkish to an outright prevention of any other language. However, the signatories of the Treaty of Lausanne agreed to join the conference, since unlimited military passage had become unfavourable to Turkey with the changes in world politics. Atatürk thought of the Balkan Pact as a medium of balance in Turkey's relations with the European countries. On 4 October 1926, Islamic courts were closed. [258] The clock in the bedroom where he died is still set to the time of his death, 9:05 in the morning. Latife fell in love with Atatürk; again the extent to which this was reciprocated is unknown, but he was certainly impressed by Latife's intellect: she was a graduate of the Sorbonne and was studying English in London when the war broke out. Abolition of the Caliphate was an important dimension in Atatürk's drive to reform the political system and to promote national sovereignty. [107] He linked educational reform to the liberation of the nation from dogma, which he believed was more important than the Turkish War of Independence. Para prawira Turki Mudha kanthi pulitis mpromosikaken gagasan bilih pamaréntahan ing pangasingan kedah dipunyasa ing satunggiling papan ing Anatolia. With the support of Mustafa Kemal, the acting prime minister Ali Fethi (Okyar) replaced with Ismet Inönü who on the 3 March 1925 ordered the invocation of the "Law for the Maintenance of Order" in order to deal with the rebellion. [227] During this period, the country moved toward a mixed economy with its first private initiatives. Panjenenganipun sok-sok ngadhepi pihak oposisi kanthi atos salebeting upados nggayuh tujuan mliginipun kanggé ndhémokratisaken Turki. He received medical treatment for nearly a month; he attempted to leave the Red Crescent's health facilities after only two weeks, but when his eye's situation worsened, he had to return and resume treatment. Ing taun 1914 panjenenganipun dipunangkat dados atasé militèr ing Sofia, sapérangan minangka siasat kanggé nyingkiraken piyambakipun saking ibu kitha lan saking intrik pulitikipun. Date: 30 mai 2009: Its unfortunate result was as heavy a burden for Turkey as it was for us. In 1896, he enrolled in the Monastir Military High School (in modern Bitola, North Macedonia). Due to his military and political accomplishments, Atatürk is regarded as one of the most important political leaders of the 20th century.[7]. Mustafa Kemal nait en 1881 dans une famille d'origine paysanne à Thessalonique. [66] On 24 July 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Powers with the GNA, thus recognising the latter as the government of Turkey. La representación visual de la figura humana había estado prohibida durante el Imperio otomano conforme a la fe islámica, y en contrapartida se establecieron nuevas escuelas artísticas para niños y niñas, así como un gran número de facultades de Bellas Artes. [41] His mother wanted him to learn a trade, but without consulting them, Atatürk took the entrance exam for the Salonica Military School (Selanik Askeri Rüştiyesi) in 1893. Né en 1881, Mustafa Kemal Pacha, qui deviendra en 1934 "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", est un homme politique qui fut le premier président de la république Turque. Touraj Atabaki, Erik Jan Zürcher, 2004, Men of Order: authoritarian modernization under Atatürk and Reza Shah, I.B.Tauris. The demilitarised zone heavily restricted Turkey's domination and sovereignty over the Straits, and the defence of Istanbul was impossible without sovereignty over the water that passed through it. The only legal opposition became a home for all kinds of differing views. Consequently, Turkish farmers were dependent on the company for their livelihoods. While Turkey, thanks to the realistic attitude of her State leadership, preserved her independent attitude Yugoslavia fell a victim to British intrigues. The fourth (and last) term of the parliament opened in Constantinople on 12 January 1920. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1985. However, after the Turkish army entered İzmir in 1922, Atatürk met Latife while staying at the house of her father, the shipping magnate Muammer Uşakizade (later Uşaklı). Atatürk was given the task of organizing and commanding the 19th Division attached to the Fifth Army during the Battle of Gallipoli. Ana Britannica (1987) Vol. He said: Tariq Ramadan, Islam and the Arab Awakening, Oxford University Press, 2012, Huda Shaarawi's Diaries - Book of Al-Hilal, September / 1981, Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly, Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, Association for the Defence of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia, defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk § War of Independence, Law Relating to Prohibited Garments of 1934, multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey, Russia–Turkey relations § Turkey and the Soviet Union, Treaty of Moscow ("Friendship and Brotherhood" Treaty), Learn how and when to remove this template message, Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, John F. Kennedy's speech concerning Atatürk, Atatürk Memorial in the place of honour on Anzac Parade, Second Class Knight Order of the Medjidie, Commander Grand Cross Order of Saint Alexander, 2nd Class Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary), 3rd Class Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary), List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence, Timeline of the Turkish War of Independence, EINSTEIN AND ATATURK (Part 1), National Geographic Society Newsroom, "Citizenship and Minorities: A Historical Overview of Turkey's Jewish Minority", "The Nation's Imprint: Demographic Engineering and the Change of Toponymes in Republican Turkey", "Incoherent State: The Controversy over Kurdish Naming in Turkey", "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün Nüfus Hüviyet Cüzdanı. Ostensibly, its aims were to uncover subversive activities, but in truth, the investigation was used to undermine those disagreeing with Atatürk's cultural revolution. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. [181] To address Atatürk's concerns, the British Foreign Secretary George Curzon attempted to disclaim the existence of oil in the Mosul area. Ing taun 1917 lan 1918 Mustafa dipunkintun dhumateng front Kaukasus (Kafkaslar) kanggé perang nglawan wadyabala Ruslan, ingkang kasil dipunmenangaken. The signatories agreed to preserve their common frontiers, to consult together in all matters of common interest, and to commit no aggression against one another's territory. During the second half of the 1930s, Atatürk tried to form a closer relationship with Britain. Histoire de Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. [76], The GNA military successes against the Democratic Republic of Armenia in the autumn of 1920 and later against the Greeks were made possible by a steady supply of gold and armaments to the Kemalists from the Russian Bolshevik government from the autumn of 1920 onwards. Ing taun 1925, sapérangan minangka tanggapan dhumateng provokasi saking Syekh Said, dipunwedalaken Undhang-undhang kanggé Njaga Katertiban, ingkang maringaken kakuwoasan dhumateng Ataturk kanggé mbibaraken golongan-golongan subvèrsif. [177] Atatürk's remains were originally laid to rest in the Ethnography Museum of Ankara, but they were transferred on 10 November 1953 (15 years after his death) in a 42-ton sarcophagus to a mausoleum overlooking Ankara, Anıtkabir. [57] He served mainly in the areas near Derna and Tobruk. We will never forget that President Atatürk was the true founder of the Turkish-Greek alliance based on a framework of common ideals and peaceful cooperation. Sasaumpunipun dumugi ing Anatolia, panjenenganipun nafsiraken kakuwaosanipun kanthi bébas, lan ngawontenaken sesambetan sarta ngedalaken préntah-préntah dhumateng para gubernur provinsi lan panglima militèr laladan. Beginning in the fall of 1925, Atatürk encouraged the Turks to wear modern European attire. The last group included colleges and minority schools in foreign languages that used the latest teaching models in educating pupils. Textile, sugar, paper, and steel factories (financed by a loan from Britain) were the private sectors of the period. Kemal Atatürk's name is associated with four women: Eleni Karinte, Fikriye Hanım, Dimitrina Kovacheva[236] and Latife Uşaklıgil.