When legal migration avenues to countries with premier leagues are difficult or do not exist, the draw of a trafficker’s promise of success is even more compelling. 333 Enforcement of these regulations proved challenging. Kerry McBride In 2014, Embassy Santiago in Chile organized an ongoing anti-trafficking working group comprising NGOs, international organizations, and foreign embassies. Page 560: Adria Malcolm/Searchlight New Mexico. When Patience’s parents passed away, she took on the burden of caring for her six younger siblings and needed to find a job. Ben Wiselogle Similar to traumatic stress effects on the brain, substance use disorder involves biochemical changes to the brain and adds an additional layer of risk, especially for survivors with post-traumatic stress disorder. As the founder and director of Rodnik, an NGO located in Almaty, Balabayeva has been instrumental in leading the organization’s work to provide psychological and legal support to victims of trafficking in multiple regions of the country. Other agents, who are actually traffickers, have a longer-term scheme, where they vie to establish themselves within young athletes’ circle of trust and instill a sense of dependency as early as possible. Semiannual Reports to Congress (SAR) are mandated reports released twice a year summarizing the previous six months of work. Within Europe’s soccer industry alone, it is estimated there are 15,000 human trafficking victims each year. Maldives Qatar A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Andrea E. Wilson Page 13: Getty Images NOTES: Local currencies have been converted to U.S. dollars ($) using the currency exchange rates reported by the U.S. Department of the Treasury on December 31, 2019. Some countries are attractive destinations for perpetrators who take advantage of weak rule of law, poverty, or the opportunity to engage in “voluntourism.” A relatively new form of extraterritorial commercial child sexual exploitation and abuse involves the use of livestreaming, chat, and payment platforms. Some of the entities involved have raised awareness, made concrete commitments, established networks, or developed tools and guidance to help eradicate human trafficking, as well as assisted with the reintegration of survivors in their community. Abbey Hecht In recent years, the UN Secretary-General has sought to improve the UN’s response to victims of sexual exploitation and abuse. Click HRSC@state.gov or call 1-866-300-7419 (toll free); or 1-843-308-5539 (outside the U.S.) to report: Death of an annuitant or spouse Click here: Changes in Marital Status after Retirement to report a marriage, remarriage, divorce. The 2020 CSPA List Includes Governments in the Following Countries: Afghanistan Beginning October 1, 2020, and effective throughout FY 2021, these restrictions will apply to the listed countries, absent a presidential waiver, applicable exception, or reinstatement of assistance pursuant to the terms of the CSPA. While the majority are Senegalese, many of these children also come from neighboring countries in West Africa such as The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, and Mali. United Kingdom A of Pub. When providers deny access to services due to a victim’s interaction with the perpetrator, it may result in re-victimization through engagement in high-risk survival activities. Whether the government of the country, consistent with the capacity of such government, systematically monitors its efforts to satisfy the criteria described in paragraphs (1) through (8) and makes available publicly a periodic assessment of such efforts. Once she arrived in a major city in Ghana, the recruiter demanded $1,500 for the cost of transportation and turned her over to a madam who used a local fetish priest to perform a ritual that obligated her to repay the debt. OSCE Alliance against Trafficking in Persons: https://www.osce.org/actionplan?download=truePlatform for Action Against Human Trafficking (2007), Decision No. He abused her emotionally and physically. There were reports that soldiers deployed as UN peacekeepers to Liberia sexually exploited women and children, including in sex trafficking, from 2003-2017. 2014 – TIP Report assessments integrated the changes of the 2013 reauthorization and added new factors to be considered as indicia of efforts to eliminate trafficking, including efforts to prevent human trafficking perpetrated or facilitated by diplomats or peacekeepers deployed abroad and to prosecute such public officials, as well as efforts to engage in effective government partnerships with a range of civil society and other actors. In 2004, the TIP Report started highlighting the efforts of extraordinary individuals combating human trafficking, recognizing TIP Report Heroes for the first time. Cambodia Liberia Page 2: Reuters In July 2001, the Department of State published the first TIP Report. Countries in the 2020 TIP Report that are not Party to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking In Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Tonga Contributor: Supreme Court of the United States - Taney, Roger Brooke Date: 1856 Section 402 of the CSPA requires publication in the annual TIP Report of a list of foreign governments identified during the previous year as having governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces, or government-supported armed groups that recruit or use child soldiers, as defined in the CSPA. Djibouti Global AIDS Coordinator and Global Health Diplomacy, Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs, Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation, Special Representative for Syria Engagement, U.S. Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority, Office of the U.S. By leaving a trauma bond, a survivor may risk experiencing intense anger and sadness, numbness, negative expectations about the future, and internal disorder. The CSPA, as amended, prohibits assistance to governments that are identified in the list under the following authorities: International Military Education and Training, Foreign Military Financing, Excess Defense Articles, and Peacekeeping Operations, with exceptions for some programs undertaken pursuant to the Peacekeeping Operations authority. You are about to leave travel.state.gov for an external website that is not maintained by the U.S. Department of State. Joshua Youle 106-386, § 108, as amended. Unlike governments, faith-based organizations are not limited by jurisdiction, election cycles, or political will. These include links to web sites operated by Illinois agencies and officials, other government agencies, nonprofit organizations and private businesses. Kathy Unlu Some perpetrators may access children through relationships to families overseas, and others use the appearance of being in a position of trust to gain unsupervised access to children. Brazil The 2020 TIP Report covers government efforts undertaken from April 1, 2019 through March 31, 2020. Ary Varela and Natalino Correia are instrumental figures in holding human traffickers criminally accountable and assisting victims in attaining justice in Cabo Verde. When traffickers interfere with this freedom, they weaken the foundation of free and just societies. Mauritius The Bahamas Heroes have traveled to cities across the United States to meet with experts at the federal, state, and local levels to exchange information on anti-trafficking efforts. A trauma bond may help a victim feel balanced due to the sense of predictability the relationship provides. Madhu was thrilled when recruiters arrived in his Northern Indian village offering him easy, flexible work at a factory in Bangalore. Harold Jahnsen Denmark 2011 – The CSPA List was included for the first time in the annual TIP Report and included six countries: Burma, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen. Karen Vierling Allen A coalition of more than 300 global institutional investors with more than $500 billion in managed assets, it uses the power of shareholder advocacy to engage companies to identify, mitigate, and address social and environmental risks associated with corporate operations, including human trafficking. Yet, when governments take action and lead, progress toward a world free from human trafficking is possible. Extraterritorial child sexual exploitation and abuse occurs when perpetrators engage in sex acts with children, or produce child sexual abuse material, outside their country of citizenship. Bolivia In an effort to increase accountability, the UN began publishing the nationalities of peacekeepers alleged to have committed sexual abuse and exploitation offenses in 2015. Uruguay Honduras Some of the most important changes are listed on pages 6-7. It is a celebration of 20 years documenting progress in combating human trafficking and, as always, a candid reminder of the work yet to be done. You are about to leave travel.state.gov for an external website that is not maintained by the U.S. Department of State. Malawi For 20 years, the Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP Report) has demonstrated the United States’ conviction that human trafficking is a global threat necessitating a global response. Faith-based organizations are well-positioned by their familiarity with local threats, their stake in keeping their communities safe, and their ability to develop context, build trust, establish relationships, and provide protection before a trafficker ever acts. Iraq More research is needed on trauma bonding in human trafficking alongside development of evidence-based and trauma-informed service delivery. There should be clarity as to what will be done with the patient’s health record and who will have access to it. The first TIP Report included 82 country narratives based on information received from embassies and consulates abroad, which gathered information including from host governments and law enforcement officials, NGOs, U.S. agencies, and journalists. Victims in such cases also face enormous pressure not to report these crimes and abuses or the peacekeepers who committed them, and local authorities rarely have the capacity proactively to identify victims of these crimes. Indonesia Page 11: Smita Sharma Curaçao Sharing Electronic Resources and Laws on Crime (SHERLOC): UN Sustainable Development Goal targets 5.2, 8.7, and 16.2 (SDGs): https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs, -P029 Protocol of 2014 and Recommendation R203, supplementing the Forced Labour Convention (1930), -C105 Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (1957), -C182 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (1999), -C189 Domestic Workers Convention, and its Recommendation R201 (2011), UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, UN Special Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography, http://ec.europa.eu/development/body/tmp_docs/2006/Action_plan_OUAGADOUGOU.pdf, AU Commission Initiative against Trafficking Campaign (AU.COMMIT), (EU/Horn of Africa Migration Route Initiative), Declaration of the Ministerial Conference of the Khartoum Process (2014), Valletta Summit Political Declaration (2015), EU-Africa Action Plan on Migration and Mobility (2014-2017), ASEAN Convention Against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (ACTIP) and the ASEAN Plan of Action, http://asean.org/asean-convention-against-trafficking-in-persons-especially-women-and-children/, ASEAN Convention Against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (2015), ASEAN Plan of Action Against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (2015), http://asean.org/storage/2012/05/APA-FINAL.pdf, Declaration of the Seventh Ministerial Conference of the Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime (2018). Madhu returned to his village, but law enforcement have not pressed charges against the factory. He told her she needed to reimburse him by engaging in commercial sex. The Prosecution, Protection, and Prevention sections of each country narrative describe how a government has or has not addressed the relevant TVPA minimum standards (see pages 45-46), during the reporting period. International Military Education and Training The OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains in the Garment and Foot-wear Sector: OECD Task Force on Countering Illicit Trade, OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings (2003), Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Trafficking in Human Beings, Regional Conference on Migration Plan of Action (updated in 2009), The Liaison Officers Network to Combat Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons, SADC Strategic Plan of Action on Combating Trafficking in Persons, especially women and Children (2009-2019), Economic Community of West African States, Council of Europe’s Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, International Criminal Police Organization, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Intersex, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UN TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS PROTOCOL (PALERMO PROTOCOL), Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age; or. Yet neither governments nor international sports federations or national sports leagues have successfully addressed the growing incidence of human trafficking of athletes. Sarah Jennings In human trafficking cases, the relationship between victim and trafficker may involve trauma bonding, a phenomenon that is beginning to receive increased attention. Malaysia Australia Mozambique Foreign assistance not for the benefit the governments of countries listed on Tier 3, such as to support the people of Tier 3 countries through civil society organizations, is generally not restricted under the TVPA. Aggregate data fluctuates from one year to the next due to the hidden nature of trafficking crimes, dynamic global events, shifts in government efforts, and a lack of uniformity in national reporting structures. Germany In the United States, specialized, multi-disciplinary task forces have been key to the successful investigation and prosecution of human trafficking cases involving addiction. Clinics should be aware of ways medical care can re-traumatize a survivor, such as through invasive procedures, removal of clothing, embarrassing or distressing personal questions, the gender of the health care provider, and the power dynamics of the doctor/patient relationship. In addition, societal stigma and self-stigma may deter an individual from seeking help. For example, some countries report that foreign perpetrators commit extraterritorial commercial child sexual exploitation and abuse in their country by offering to pay for children’s school fees or financially support orphanages to gain access to children. Some traffickers recruit directly from detox and addiction treatment facilities. Page 5: Paula Bronstein Paraguay Through Al-Shehab, she helps hundreds of vulnerable women and human trafficking survivors every year transition from their life of exploitation by providing them with legal aid, social services, psychological support, and vocational training. Supporting the Reintegration of Trafficked Persons: A Guidebook for the Greater Mekong Sub-Region: http://un-act.org/publication/supporting-reintegration-trafficked-persons-guidebook-greater-mekong-sub-region, http://www.cbss.org/civil-security-the-human-dimension/tfthb/, Human Trafficking 2016 – Baltic Sea Round-up Report. Kaitlyn Woods Myrna E. Walch The Department of State prepared this report using information from U.S. embassies and consulates abroad, foreign government officials, nongovernmental and international organizations, jurists and legal experts, journalists, academics, labor activists, and published reports. Substance use disorder and addiction are terms used here to describe the stage of the condition where a person’s brain and body are chemically dependent on a substance. The control in a trauma bond may help a person mentally make sense of the world, whereas escaping the trauma bond and trying to make independent decisions may feel overwhelming. As of April 15, PKO funding was obligated for Somali National Army for the following activities: logistical support, advisory support, training, and equipment. In 2004, Balabayeva led Rodnik to stand up a human trafficking hotline, which it still operates. 1), http://scm.oas.org/IDMS/Redirectpage.aspx?class=XXXIX.4%20RTP-IV/doc.&classNum=4&lang=e, Inter-American Declaration against Trafficking in Persons “Declaration of Brasilia” (2014), Hemispheric Efforts against Trafficking in Persons “Declaration of Mexico” (2018), Advancing Hemispheric Security: A Multidimensional Approach (AG/RES.2945 XLIX-O/19), http://scm.oas.org/IDMS/Redirectpage.aspx?class=AG/doc.&classNum=5682&lang=e, Progress Report: II Work Plan Against Trafficking in Persons In The Western Hemisphere 2015-2018, http://mneguidelines.oecd.org/OECD-Due-Diligence-Guidance-Garment-Footwear.pdf.
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