Once they enter the populated areas in the mountains' foothills, their waters are extensively used for irrigation, so that the river often disappears in the desert instead of reaching the lake to whose basin it nominally belongs. [62] Sexual abuse of Uyghur women by Manchu soldiers and officials triggered deep Uyghur hostility against Manchu rule.[63]. The territory came under the rule of the Qing dynasty in the 18th century, later replaced by the Republic of China government. The current Mandarin Chinese-derived name Xinjiang (Sinkiang), which literally means "New Frontier", "New Borderland" or "New Territory", was given during the Qing dynasty by the Guangxu Emperor. Le Xinjiang, plus grande province de Chine mais peuplée de seulement 21 millions d’habitants, englobe au Sud le bassin du Tarim bordé par les Monts Kunlun et les Monts Pamir, et au Nord le bassin de Dzoungarie enserré entre les Monts Tianshan et les Monts Altaï.La région offre un paysage de déserts et de plaines arides propices aux treks à dos de chameaux avec des paysages de hautes montagnes … In 2002, there were 9,632,600 males (growth rate of 1.0%) and 9,419,300 females (growth rate of 2.2%). Hierman, Brent. However, on 12 July, a group of 37 countries submitted a similar letter in defense of China's policies: Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Belarus, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Gabon, Kuwait, Laos, Myanmar, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Togo, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. The Dzungar Khanate covered Dzungaria, extending from the western Great Wall of China to present-day eastern Kazakhstan and from present-day northern Kyrgyzstan to southern Siberia. Xinjiang has within its borders, in the Dzoosotoyn Elisen Desert, the location in Eurasia that is furthest from the sea in any direction (a continental pole of inaccessibility): 46°16.8′N 86°40.2′E / 46.2800°N 86.6700°E / 46.2800; 86.6700 (Eurasian pole of inaccessibility). These leaders warred with each other and the Timurids of Transoxiana to the west and the Oirats to the east: the successor Chagatai regime based in Mongolia and China. The Exchange. Winter temperatures regularly fall below −20 °C (−4 °F) in the far north and highest mountain elevations. The Dzungarian Basin is slightly cooler, and receives somewhat more precipitation, than the Tarim Basin. [108][109] The camps have been criticized by a number of countries and human-rights organizations for abuse and mistreatment, with some alleging Uyghur genocide. [89], The ongoing Xinjiang conflict[90][91] includes the 2007 Xinjiang raid,[92] a thwarted 2008 suicide-bombing attempt on a China Southern Airlines flight,[93] the 2008 Kashgar attack which killed 16 police officers four days before the Beijing Olympics,[94][95] the August 2009 syringe attacks,[96] the 2011 Hotan attack,[97] the 2014 Kunming attack,[98] the April 2014 Ürümqi attack,[99] and the May 2014 Ürümqi attack. Areas under the direct administration of Xinjiang Autonomous Region: City: Area Code: Zip Code: Shihezi: 993: 832000: Arar: 997: 843300: Tumxuk: 998: 844000: Wujiaqu: 994 [194] Military personnel are not counted and national minorities are undercounted in the Chinese census, as in most other censuses. [136], In September 2020, the state-run Xinhua News Agency reported Xi Jinping's position as the following: "practice has proved that the party's strategy for governing Xinjiang in the new era is completely correct and must be adhered to for a long time. ", "Qatar refuses to certify China's human rights record on treatment of Uighur Muslims", "The "22 vs. 50" Diplomatic Split Between the West and China Over Xinjiang and Human Rights", "China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization", "Activists are urging big brands to eradicate traces of human rights abuse in Xinjiang from their supply chains", "To do a good job in Xinjiang in the new era, Xi Jinping makes arrangements again", "Dutch parliament: China's treatment of Uighurs is genocide", "Bulletin for the economy and society development in 2015", "Xinjiang Province: Economic News and Statistics for Xinjiang's Economy", "Efforts to boost 'leapfrog development' in Xinjiang", "It's time to boycott any company doing business in Xinjiang", "The Energy Industry in Xinjiang, China: Potential, Problems, and Solutions", "Xinjiang to open 2nd border trade market to Kazakhstan", "RightSite.asia – Bole Border Economic Cooperation Area", "RightSite.asia – Shihezi Border Economic Cooperation Area", "RightSite.asia – Tacheng Border Economic Cooperation Area", "RightSite.asia | Ürümqi Economic & Technological Development Zone", "RightSite.asia | Ürümqi Export Processing Zone", "RightSite.asia | Urumuqi Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone", "RightSite.asia | Yining Border Economic Cooperation Area", "News Media for Ethnic Minorities in China", "A journalist in China: Tim Hathaway writes about his experience reporting and writing for state-run 'Xinjiang Economic Daily, "Xinjiang Internet restored after 10 months", "Chinese forces kill 28 people 'responsible for Xinjiang mine attack, "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census", A meeting of civilisations: The mystery of China's Celtic mummies, "Buddhism and Islam in Asia: A Long and Complicated History", "Demographics and Development in Xinjiang after 1949", "China: Human Rights Concerns in Xinjiang", "Thousands of Xinjiang mosques destroyed or damaged, report finds", "China: Nearly two-thirds of Xinjiang mosques damaged or demolished, new report shows", Deaths From Clashes in China's Xinjiang Area Rises to 35, The Uyghurs in Xinjiang – The Malaise Grows, The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur Identity, Language, Policy, and Political Discourse, Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang, China, "China Sentences 9 Persons to Death for Xinjiang Attacks", "On Soviet-China Border, The Thaw Is Just A Trickle", "From Yunnan to Xinjiang : Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals", "Nationalists, Muslims Warlords, and the "Great Northwestern Development" in Pre-Communist China", "Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Military implications for the decades ahead", "Military Mobilization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century China, Russia, and Mongolia", "Russians Back Revolution in Province Inside China", "False Lama – The Life and Death of Dambijantsan", "Ja Lama – The Life and Death of Dambijantsan", Gateway to Asia : Sinkiang, Frontier of the Chinese Far West, "Islamic Countries Engage with China Against the Background of Repression in Xinjiang", Before Silk: Unsolved Mysteries of the Silk Road, Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang, East Turkistan National Awakening Movement, claimed by the People's Republic of China, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xinjiang&oldid=1021471011, States and territories established in 1955, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles with incomplete citations from May 2020, Articles with incomplete citations from August 2018, Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh), Articles with dead external links from May 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles containing Mongolian-language text, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles with failed verification from January 2021, Pages using image label with a wide image, Articles needing additional references from July 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Articles to be expanded from December 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1995, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Chinese authorities on Sunday declared the Xinjiang province in the country's far west as "wartime situation" after the region reported a sudden spike in coronavirus cases, Al Jazeera reported. ", "Britain adds Chinese militant group to terror list", "U.S.Department of State Terrorist Exclusion List", "China accuses US of double standards as it drops ETIM from terrorism list", "Former inmates of China's Muslim 'reeducation' camps tell of brainwashing, torture", "STATEMENT BY THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERNING THE HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF UYGHURS AND OTHER TURKIC MUSLIMS IN XINJIANG, CHINA", Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, "China Doubles Down on Xinjiang Policy Amid Reports of Cultural Erasure", "DCP: Geographic Center of Asia (visit #1)", "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government", "Boundaries, Discrimination, and Interethnic Conflict in Xinjiang, China", "China Promises Unfulfilled, An Assessment of China's National Human Rights Action Plan", "China 'holding at least 120,000 Uighurs in re-education camps, "China: Free Xinjiang 'Political Education' Detainees", "Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President,' U.S. Panel Says", "37 countries rally around China at top UN human rights body", "Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies? The Turpan Depression recorded the hottest temperatures nationwide in summer,[122] with air temperatures easily exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). The Xinjiang Networking Transmission Limited operates the Urumqi People's Broadcasting Station and the Xinjiang People Broadcasting Station, broadcasting in Mandarin, Uyghur, Kazakh and Mongolian. [45] Campaigns against the oasis states began under Emperor Taizong with the annexation of Gaochang in 640. [152] Containing over a fifth of China's coal, natural gas and oil resources, Xinjiang has the highest concentration of fossil fuel reserves of any region in the country. Xinjiang[note 1], officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest of the country close to Central Asia. Le Xinjiang est une province a priori pauvre : Voici le tableau comparatif du PIB du Xinjiang, de la France et de la Chine : Le Xinjiang est a priori une province assez pauvre mais paradoxalement elle est plutôt bien placée concernant le revenu annuel par habitant : se classant le premier dans l'Ouest et le 12e de la Chine. It has 98 newspapers in 44 languages, compared with four in 1952. Ürümqi New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in 1992 and it is the only high-tech development zone in Xinjiang, China. The Soviet Union invaded the province; it was brought under the control of northeast Han warlord Sheng Shicai after the 1937 Xinjiang War. : Belknap Press, 2005. Being the largest province-level division of China and the 8th-largest country subdivision in the world, Xinjiang spans over 1.6 million square kilometres (620,000 sq mi) and has about 25 million inhabitants. The Mongolian Dzungars were the collective identity of several Oirat tribes which formed, and maintained, one of the last nomadic empires. Nom : Xinjiang Nom chinois : 新疆维吾尔自治区 (Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū) Statut : Région autonome Capitale : Ouroumtsi Population : 22 643 000 hab. The major religions in Xinjiang are Islam among the Uyghurs and the Hui Chinese minority and many of the Han Chinese practice Chinese folk religions, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. [187] Professor Stanley W. Toops noted that today's demographic situation is similar to that of the early Qing period in Xinjiang. The oil and petrochemical sector get up to 60 percent of Xinjiang's economy. Yuan Dahua, the last Qing governor of Xinjiang, fled. Discontinuous alpine permafrost usually occurs down to 2,700–3,300 m, but in certain locations, due to the peculiarity of the aspect and the microclimate, it can be found at elevations as low as 2,000 m.[123], Human Rights Watch has documented the denial of due legal process and fair trials and failure to hold genuinely open trials as mandated by law e.g. The Kuytun-Beitun Railway runs from Kuytun north into the Junggar Basin to Karamay and Beitun, near Altay. Jin enlisted White Russians to crush the revolts. Due to the lack of access to the ocean and limited amount of inland water, Xinjiang's fish resources are somewhat limited. [195] While some of the shift has been attributed to an increased Han presence,[11] Uyghurs have also emigrated to other parts of China, where their numbers have increased steadily. Xinjiang, China’s northwestern-most autonomous region, is unlike anything else in the country. in . During the mid-10th century, the Saka Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan was attacked by the Turkic Muslim Karakhanid ruler Musa; the Karakhanid leader Yusuf Qadir Khan conquered Khotan around 1006.[52]. Le Xinjiang, officiellement la Région autonome ouïghoure du Xinjiang, est l’une des cinq régions autonomes de Chine. [25], The general region of Xinjiang has been known by many different names in earlier times, in indigenous languages as well as other languages. Balancing mixed ethnic constituencies, Yang controlled Xinjiang until his 1928 assassination after the Northern Expedition of the Kuomintang. [120] But, regardless of the time standard preferences, most businesses, schools open and close two hours later than in the other regions of China.[121]. The Khoja brothers reneged on the agreement, declaring themselves independent leaders of the Tarim Basin. [213] On 5 June 2014, China sentenced nine people to death for terrorist attacks. [54], The native Dzungar Oirat Mongols suffered greatly from the brutal campaigns and a simultaneous smallpox epidemic. China's first border free trade zone (Horgos Free Trade Zone) was located at the Xinjiang-Kazakhstan border city of Horgos. In 1944, the President and Premier of China, Chiang Kai-shek, informed by the Soviets of Sheng's intention to join the Soviet Union, decided to shift him out of Xinjiang to Chongqing as the Minister of Agriculture and Forest. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFWeinstein2013 (. "[169], The earliest Tarim mummies, dated to 1800 BC, are of a Caucasoid physical type. [211] The separatist movement is led by ethnically Uyghur Muslim underground organizations, most notably the East Turkestan independence movement and the Salafist Turkistan Islamic Party, against the Chinese government. The Ishaqi defeated the Afaqi, and the Afaq Khoja invited the 5th Dalai Lama (the leader of the Tibetans) to intervene on his behalf in 1677. [207][208] The Xinjiang conflict[209] is an ongoing[210] separatist conflict in the northwestern part of China. Progress in Education, Science and Technology, Culture and Health Work", State Council of the People's Republic of China, "Uyghur "separatism": China's policies in Xinjiang fuel dissent", "An al-Qaeda associate group operating in China? Older geological formations are located in the far north, where the Junggar Block is geologically part of Kazakhstan, and in the east, where is part of the North China Craton. The east-west chain of the Tian Shan separate Dzungaria in the north from the Tarim Basin in the south. [214], Map showing the location of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Economic and Technological Development Zones, Hami Prefecture is currently known as Hami PLC after census; Hami CLC is currently known as, Turpan Prefecture is currently known as Turpan PLC after census; Turpan CLC is currently known as, Kokdala CLC was established from parts of, Shuanghe CLC was established from parts of, Tiemenguan CLC was established from parts of, Alashankou CLC was established from parts of. In 1944, President and Premier of China Chiang Kai-shek, informed by the Soviet Union of Shicai's intention to join it, transferred him to Chongqing as the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry the following year. [203][204] Christianity in Xinjiang is the religion of 1% of the population according to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009.[201]. The March report quoted a Chinese government document that showed, between 2017 and 2019, the number of children who had been separated from their families in Xinjiang … [154] Horgos is the largest "land port" in China's western region and it has easy access to the Central Asian market. Local states such as Shule, Yutian, Guizi and Qiemo controlled the western region, while the central region around Turpan was controlled by Gaochang, remnants of a state (Northern Liang) that once ruled part of what is now Gansu province in northwestern China. Peuplée de populations apparentées aux Turcs et aux Mongols, stratégiquement placée entre le «berceau chinois» à l’est et l’Inde et le monde arabe à l’ouest, la province connut une occupation militaire chinoise, dès le deuxième siècle avant notre ère. The Western Jin dynasty succumbed to successive waves of invasions by nomads from the north at the beginning of the 4th century. Some Uyghur scholars claim descent from both the Turkic Uyghurs and the pre-Turkic Tocharians (or Tokharians, whose language was Indo-European); also, Uyghurs often have relatively-fair skin, hair and eyes and other Caucasoid physical traits. One of his subordinates, Yang Zengxin, took control of the province and acceded in name to the Republic of China in March of that year. The 56 km (35 mi) highway linking Sayram Lake and Guozi Valley in Northern Xinjiang area had cost 2.39 billion yuan. As the leading economic zone, it brings together the resources of Xinjiang's industrial development, capital, technology, information, personnel and other factors of production. After the Uyghur Khaganate in Mongolia was destroyed by the Kirghiz in 840, branches of the Uyghurs established themselves in Qocha (Karakhoja) and Beshbalik (near present-day Turfan and Urumchi). [3] The People's Liberation Army entered Xinjiang in 1949 and the Kuomintang commander Tao Zhiyue surrendered the province to them. Beg settled in Kashgar, and soon controlled Xinjiang. the north-western province of Xinjiang. [1][10] Xinjiang borders the countries of Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. Elsewhere, most of Xinjiang's rivers are comparatively short streams fed by the snows of the several ranges of the Tian Shan. [71], In 1912, the Qing dynasty was replaced by the Republic of China. [181][182], The Islamization of Xinjiang started around 1000 AD by eliminating Buddhism. Over 3,000 construction workers have been involved. [84], In 2000, Uyghurs were 45 percent of Xinjiang's population and 13 percent of Ürümqi's population. [41] The longtime jade supply[42] from the Tarim Basin is well-documented archaeologically: "It is well known that ancient Chinese rulers had a strong attachment to jade. [33] The very concept of Xinjiang as one distinct geographic identity was created by the Qing. The 700 m-long Guozi Valley Cable Bridge over the expressway is now currently being constructed, with the 24 main pile foundations already completed. Although he encouraged trade, built caravansareis, canals and other irrigation systems, his regime was considered harsh. In 2000, the total of 58,835 tons of fish was produced in Xinjiang, 85% of which came from aquaculture.[150]. The capital, Ürümqi, is home to the Xinjiang University baseball team, an integrated Uyghur and Han group profiled in the documentary film Diamond in the Dunes. [83] Increased ethnic contact and labor competition coincided with Uyghur terrorism since the 1990s, such as the 1997 Ürümqi bus bombings. It has a planned area of 9.8 km. As a result of the war, the Chinese controlled the strategic region from the Ordos and Gansu corridor to Lop Nor. "[135], On 28 July 2020, a coalition of over 180 organizations called out dozens of clothing brands and retailers to re-examine and cut any ties they might have to Xinjiang region, where allegations of human rights violations have run rampant for years. The province … Uyghur independence activists express concern over the Han population changing the Uyghur character of the region though the Han and Hui Chinese mostly live in Northern Xinjiang Dzungaria and are separated from areas of historic Uyghur dominance south of the Tian Shan mountains (Southwestern Xinjiang), where Uyghurs account for about 90% of the population.[196]. .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Non-partisan/ unknown Elle couvre près d’un sixième du pays et est frontalière avec huit pays. [146] Sericulture is also practiced. He described the Yúshì, 禺氏 (or Niúshì, 牛氏), as a people from the north-west who supplied jade to the Chinese from the nearby mountains (also known as Yushi) in Gansu. A decade later, at the beginning of the Chinese economic reform in 1978, the demographic balance was 46% Uyghur and 40% Han,[187] which has not did not change drastically until the last census, in 2000, when the Uyghur population had reduced to 42%.
Taxi Le Pontet, Pierre De Ronsard Rose, Cap Bénat Hôtel, école Anglaise Istanbul, Youth Baseball Jersey Button Up, Dialecte Chinois 3 Lettres, Tissus Maille Transparent, Building 3d Icon, Chang'e 5 Direct,